TrailBlazer

BASICS OF LFR
AGRAJ JAIN 7TH Sem, EEE

Line follower

Line follower is a machine that can follow a path. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface (or vice-versa) or it can be invisible like a magnetic field.

Basic Block Diagram

PART I: SENSOR ARRAY

Modes of sensing
Digital sensing: Sensor output is sampled using comparators like LM324 to generate binary value

Analog sensing: Inbuilt ADC is used to generate a value 0-255 depending on the output voltage

Sensor configuration:
Four IR sensors Connected in a row
Cover the sensors With black paper from all sides

Let us assume that when a sensor is on the line it reads 0 and when it is off the line it reads 1

ALGORITHM

PART II: CONTROL

Microcontrollers

Definition

A microcontroller (MCU or C) is a small computer on a single IC consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions. Designed for small and dedicated applications.

Atmega 8
High Performance Low Power 8 bit Microcontroller by Atmel. 8 KB inbuilt flash , 512 bytes EEPROM. Operational voltage : 4.5 5.5 V. Atmel Microcontrollers are the most popular ones in NITK.

Pin Diagram Atmega 8

ATMEGA 32

Softwares
WinAVR
An application suite of open source software development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors on the Windows platform. It includes Programmers Notepad and Mfile.

Softwares
AVR Studio AVR Studio 4 is the Integrated Development Environment
(IDE) for writing and debugging AVR applications in Windows environments. It includes an assembler and a simulator.

Programmers

Programmers are used for interfacing of micro-controllers to computer A simple parallel programmer USBasp (http://www.fischl.de/usbasp)

Parallel Port Programmer

Parallel Port Microcontroller pins

Pin 7
Pin8 Pin9 Pin10 Pin10

RESET
SCK MOSI MISO Ground

USBasp
A USB in-circuit programmer for Atmel AVR controllers. Simple circuit consisting an ATMega8 and a couple of passive components. The programmer uses a firmwareonly USB driver, no special USB controller is needed. (http://www.fischl.de/usbasp)

PART III: MOTOR INTERFACE (L298N)

Shops:
Mangalore: Manohar Radio, Hampnkatta. Ph: 080 2423626 Pearl Electronics, Hampankatta. Bangalore: N.S.K. Electronics, off S.P. road. www.nskelectronics.in Ph: 9740374373 OM Technologies, off S.P. road Ph: 9986034979 Vishal Electronics, S.P. road Amar Radio, S.P. road OM electronics, S.P. road

CONTACT: Agraj Jain: 9980104741 agrajjain@gmail.com