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T
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NPV>0
IRR=0
( ) 0 1
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( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 0 1 1 1
T T T
t t t t
t t t
B C B C
NPV
r r r
= =
+ + +
d d
B C =
where B
d
/C
d
is the discounted of benefit/cost stream over the
project lifetime. NPV ignores environmental impacts => NPV'.
'
d d
NPV B C EC NPV EC = =
'
d d
NPV B C EC = >
EC = environmental cost
ECBA decision rule!!!
Environmental Cost-Benefit Analysis
EC = UV + EV + OV +QOV
UV = Use Value and arises from the actual and/or planned use
of the service by an individual, for recreation for example;
EV = Existence Value and arises from knowledge that the
service exists and will continue to exist, independently of any
actual or prospective use by the individual;
OV = Option Value and relates to willingness to pay to
guarantee the availability of the service for future use by the
individual;
QOV = Quasi-Option Value and relates to willingness to pay to
avoid an irreversible commitment to development now, given
the expectation of future growth in knowledge relevant to the
implications of development.
Direct Benefit Estimation
In private CBA it it usually relatively easy to perform because
prices are readily observed.
Often this is not the case (no price exist) or prices are socially
biased due to externality, public good, or market power
considerations.
This problem is particularly apparent for non-use values which
tend to be more intangible.
intangible = cannot be valued
if intangibles remain in our analysis, then NPV and BCR are
incomplete.
So, what can we do when prices and demand information is
absent or is clearly biased?
Alternative Approaches
1. Contingent Valuation
- use surveys that ask
- widely applicable
2. Travel-Cost Method
- obtain a demand curve by examining how participation
varies with the cost of getting there.
- primarily useful for recreation benefits.
3. Property value and Wage differentials (hedonic prices)
- statistically investigate how these prices vary with
property of job conditions
- more limited application possibilities than for CV.
Indirect (Secondary) Benefits
= Ripple effects due to economic linkages
We have all heard public projects and policies being touted for
their employment and income generating effects.
In a full employment economy, however, these inputs were
necessarily reallocated away from other productive uses.
!! Do not count secondary effects in a full employment
economy!!
also no transfer payments should be included, e.g,
unemployment payments
Overall Appraisal of CBA
Cons:
- intangibles
- BC analysts and information sources are often biased
- distributional Issues occasionally objectionable
* weighs same period impacts equally
* weighs future impacts less
Pros:
- help prevent bad decisions which would otherwise be
undiscovered
- counters rent-seeking (which might normally be
successful in the political process).
Analytical Styles other than CBA
Cost Effectiveness Analysis
- = try to achieve a non-economic target at least cost
- often practical when there is an intangible physical quantity in
need of enhancement; if it was tangible, we could just use CBA.
Impact Analysis
- usually employed in lieu of or as a complement to CBA because
either
* there are many intangible impacts of the policy/project and
they need to be described, or
* the impacts are tangible but not allowed into CBA (such as
secondary economic impacts)
Multi Criteria Analysis
CBA Example
Someone has proposed a 4-period pollution control project
that will cost EUR 100.000 to construct in the initial
period. After that, the project will cost EUR 10.000 to
operate in each following period. After the construction
is completed, the benefits of this project will be EUR
40.000 in the first period, EUR 45.000 in the second, and
EUR 50.000 in the last period. The facility is expected to
be non-functional for any future periods. There are no
intangibles to be considered for this project.
Calculate Net Present Value (NPV), and Benefit-Cost Ration
(BCR) using a discount rate of 5%.
CBA- Example
t B
t
C
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NB
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0 0 100 -100
1 40 10 30
2 45 10 35
3 50 10 40
totals
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r = 5%
NPV = ???
BCR = ???