Bionanomachines

Why BIO nanomachines?

Challenge : Enduring nanoassemblies Bio approach: Self-organization and bioengineering Any disadvantages of using bionanomachines? communication between classical microsystems (in particular electronic systems) and the nanoscaled biomolecules Biomaterials are less stable than organic and semiconductor structures

Protein based bionanomachines

Motor proteins : Myosine, Kinesin, Microtubules, dynein, Molecular motor assemblies: flagellar motor, ATPase, Polymerase etc.

 Synthetic protein based nanomachines:

Molecular motors Molecular propellers Molecular switch Molecular tweezers Molecular receptors and recognition system Molecular logic gates

Nucleic acid based nanomaterial

Principle of DNA nanotechnology : specific base pairing Different DNA structures used:
Periodic lattices DNA nanotubes Polyhedra
Double-crossover

 Application of DNA nanotechnology

DNA machines Molecular recognition Nano medinces

MOLECULAR MOTORS
The integration of biomolecular motors with nanoscale engineered systems enables the development of hybrid organic-inorganic devices capable of using ATP as an energy source.

Functionalization of Nanoparticles
Why?
For targeted drug/gene delivery For specific bio-images For specific detection

Approach :
Bioconjugation: Bioconjugation can be described as any procedure that links a nanoparticle to a biomolecule under mild conditions Biocompatible coating :
Prevention of nanoparticle aggregation in a biological environment, Eective suppression of non-specific adsorption of biomolecules at the nanoparticle surface or their accumulation close to the surface Low cytotoxicity

A, Physisorption of biomolecules B, Assisted physisorption C, Using linker molecule D, Direct chemical coupling E, Targeted binding of biotinylated biomolecules to streptavidincoated nanoparticles via biotinstreptavidin coupling

 Different groups used for Nanoparticlestabilizing Coatings

PEG : Flu. Nanoparticles BSA: Flu. Nanoparticles Oligo or polypeptides: metallic nanoparticles Oligonucleotides: metallic nanoparticles Antisense or sense RNA molecules : DNA NP Antibodies: Core shells Cell surface receptors : Core shells

 Low Cytotoxicity Coatings

They will reduce the oxidation potential of highly reactive quantum dots

 PEGylation:

Functionalization

GNPs are coated with a layer of PEG alone or in conjunction with other molecules such as biotin, peptides or oligonucleotides, thereby helping the internalization of these GNPs to the target cells.

 Peptide/Amino Acid Conjugation:

GNPs functionalized with amino acids such as lysine, polylysine and glycine bind DNA with higher efficiency for gene delivery without toxicity. GNPs functionalized with peptides are used as effective cell-targeting agents. Peptide functionalized GNPs are also activate macrophages, holding promise to be used as adjuvants for vaccine delivery Bioconjugated GNPs are used as probes for imaging

 Oligonucleotide Functionalized Nanoparticles:

Aptamer-GNP conjugation are used to target cancer cells DNA functionalized GNPs were employed to design a chip based DNA bio bar code sensor

Antibody Functionalized Nanoparticles

For biosensor studies

Viral Based nanoparticles

Virus are used to organize nanoparticle in supra-molecular architecture Template mineralization: Wild-type and recombinant tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) hollow cylinders have been used as templates to generate inorganic-organic nano-tube composites