Diesel Engine

12 May 2012

Types of Engines
Internal Combustion External combustion Air-breathing combustion engines

Operating Cycle
Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine) Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI Engine) Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing type SI Engine) Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine) Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)

Basic Engine Design

Reciprocating
1. 2.
a) b) c) d) e)

Single Cylinder Multi-cylinder

In-line V Radial Opposed Cylinder Opposed Piston

Rotary:
a) b) Single Rotor Multi-rotor
4

Working Cycle
Four Stroke Cycle Naturally Aspirated Supercharged/Turbocharge d Two Stroke Cycle Crankcase Scavenged Uniflow Scavenged

Cooling

1. Direct Air-cooling
2. Indirect Air-cooling (Liquid Cooling) 3. Low Heat Rejection (Semi-adiabatic) engine.

Diesel Engines
In 1892, a German engineer named Rudolf Diesel perfected the compression-ignition engine that bears his name. The diesel engine uses heat created by compression to ignite the fuel, so it requires no spark ignition system.

Diesel Engines
Incoming air is compressed until its temperature reaches about 1000F (540C). This is called heat of compression. As the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, fuel is injected into the cylinder, where it is ignited by the hot air.

FIGURE 12-1 Diesel combustion occurs when fuel is injected into the hot, highly compressed air in the cylinder.

Diesel Engines
A common diesel engine uses a fuel system precision injection pump and individual fuel injectors. The pump delivers fuel to the injectors at a high pressure and at timed intervals.

FIGURE 12-2 A typical injector-pump-type automotive diesel fuel injection system.

Indirect and Direct Injection

In an indirect injection (abbreviated IDI) diesel engine, fuel is injected into a small prechamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening.

Diesel Engines

FIGURE 12-3 An indirect injection diesel engine uses a prechamber and a glow plug.

Indirect and Direct Injection

In a direct injection (abbreviated DI) diesel engine, fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.

Diesel Engines

FIGURE 12-4 A direct injection diesel engine injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber. Many designs do not use a glow plug.

Diesel Engines
Diesel Fuel Ignition Ignition occurs in a diesel engine by injecting fuel into the air charge, which has been heated by compression to a temperature greater than the ignition point of the fuel or about 550C.

THREE PHASES OF COMBUSTION

There are three distinct phases or parts to the combustion in a diesel engine.
Ignition delay. Rapid combustion. Controlled combustion.

DIESEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION

Diesel engines must be constructed heavier than gasoline engines because of the tremendous pressures that are created in the cylinders during operation.

Diesel Engines

15

Duty Cycle
S1 S2 Continuous duty Short-time duty Intermittent periodic duty The engine works at a constant load for enough time to reach temperature equilibrium. The engine works at a constant load, but not long enough to reach temperature equilibrium. The rest periods are long enough for the engine to reach ambient temperature. Sequential, identical run and rest cycles with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is never reached.

S3 S4 S5

Intermittent Sequential, identical start, run and rest cycles with periodic duty with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is not reached, starting Intermittent Sequential, identical cycles of starting, running at periodic duty with constant load and running with no load. No rest periods. electric braking Continuous operation with intermittent load Continuous operation with braking Sequential, identical cycles of running with constant load and running with no load. No rest periods. Sequential identical cycles of starting, running at constant load and braking. No rest periods.

S6

S7

S8

Continuous operation with Sequential, identical duty cycles run at constant load periodic changes and given speed, then run at other constant loads and in load and speeds. No rest periods. speed

16

Emission

Particulates (Smoke )

1990

Emission Reduction Fronts Combustion Development - Tools & Technologies Air Systems Pre & Aftertreatment Fuels & Fuel Systems New Power Source Concepts

98% reduction

1991 2004

Future

1998

1994

97% reduction

Nitric Oxides (NOx)

The Facts about Diesel Engines

Diesels are the worlds most efficient internal combustion engines Todays well-maintained diesels should not emit excessive visible smoke The presence of smoke emissions Fuel Engine equates to: Economy Life
Operating Costs Maintenance Costs

What Are Diesel Engine Emissions?

Diesel engines produce four regulated emissions:

The emphasis is historically on NOx and PM NOx and PM act as tradeoffs During combustion, the sulfur in fuel converts to S02

7 6
NOx (g/bhp-hr)

EPA 2007 On-Highway vs. Off-Road Emissions Regulations

Tier 1 (96)
94

On-highway regulations

5 4 3 2 1 0
07

Tier 2 (01)

91

98

stricter than off-road introduced earlier than off-road referred to as EPA 07 or EPA 10

02

Tier 3 (05)

Off-road regulations
0.3 0.4 0.5

Tier 4 (11)
10

referred to as Tiers off-road engines use fewer ACERT building blocks

0.1

0.2

Particulates (g/bhp-hr)

Emmission control
Catalytic Converters (All Fuels) Diesel Particulate Filters Oxygen, NOx, and Temperature Sensors Thermal Management Strategies Engine/Fuel System Management Technologies Crankcase Emission Control Technology Evaporative Emission Controls Enhanced Combustion Technologies Plasma/Corona Technology Fuel Cell Technology Components

21

Selective Catalytic Reduction

22

Exhaust Gas Recirculation

23

Diesel Fuel Regulatory Changes

5000
Fuel Sulfur Content (PPM)

Fuel Sulfur Content Regulations

4000 3000 2000 1000 0
15

(effective September 1 of each year)

Off-Road On-Highway
Year Highway Off-Road

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010+

500 ppm

5000 ppm

15 ppm

5000 ppm/500 ppm*

15 ppm

500ppm /15 ppm*

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

* Varies depending on refiner, some states more strict.

Fuel Sulfur Lower levels for reduced emissions are coming Process of removing sulfur can impact lubricity. Fuel suppliers treat fuel with additives to provide adequate lubrication. Fuel suppliers responsible for the additives and ensuring fuel meets required specifications

Bio-Fuels (Bio Diesel)

Background Made from variety of sources: soybean and canola oil are most common Characteristics Provides less energy per gallon than distillate diesel fuel Low ambient temperature problems for storage and operation

Requires heated storage Plugs filters

Poor oxidation stability long-term storage problems Excellent medium for microbial contamination and growth

Corrosive to fuel system Blocks fuel filter

Water naturally more likely to exist in biodiesel

Facilitates microbial contamination, corrosion,