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Chapter 1
Introducing TCP/IP
Objectives
Understand TCP/IPs origins and history Explain the process by which TCP/IP standards and other documents, called Requests for Comments (RFCs), are created, debated, and formalized (where appropriate) Understand the Open Systems Interconnection network reference model, often used to characterize network protocols and services, and how it relates to TCP/IPs own internal networking model
Objectives (cont.)
Define the terms involved and explain how TCP/IP protocols, sockets, and ports are identified Understand data encapsulation and how it relates to the four layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack Understand and apply the basic practices and principles that underlie network protocol analysis
What is TCP/IP?
Large collection of networking protocols and services Two key protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Reliable delivery for messages
Permit different kinds of computer systems to easily communicate Need to interconnect systems across long distances
A TCP/IP Chronology
1978: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) came into existence 1983: Defense Communications Agency took over operation of the ARPANET 1986: National Science Foundation (NSF) launches a long-haul, high-speed network, known as NSFNET 1987: Number of hosts on the Internet breaks 10,000
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1990:
McGill University releases the Archie protocol and service Work begins on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Worldwide Web is born at Centre European Researche Nucleaire (CERN)
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1992:
Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered Number of hosts on the Internet breaks one million
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1993:
Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) is chartered Mosaic, the first high-powered graphical browser The U.S.White House goes online at whitehouse.gov
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1995:
Netscape launches Netscape Navigator Number of hosts on the Internet breaks five million
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2003: Public Interest Registry (PIR) assumes responsibility as .org registry operator
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Transport Layer
Ensure reliable end-to-end transmission of PDUs Includes end-to-end error-detection and error-recovery PDUs are structured numbered sequence data called segments or data segments
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Presentation
Manages how data is presented to the network and to a specific machine/application PDUs are generically called Presentation PDUs
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Application Layer
Defines an interface that applications can use to request network services Defines a set of access controls over the network PDUs are generically called Application PDUs
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Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Connection oriented
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TCP/IP sockets
Dynamically assigned port address is called a socket
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Decodes
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Statistics
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Port redirection
Switches can be configured to redirect (to copy) the packets traveling through one port to another port
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Chapter Summary
TCP/IP was designed with the following goals in mind
(1) To support multiple, packet-switched pathways through the network so that transmissions can survive all conceivable failures (2) To permit dissimilar computer systems to easily exchange data (3) To offer robust, reliable delivery services for both short- and long-haul communications (4) To provide comprehensive network access with global scope
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