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Primary prevention
Health promotion and risk reduction in the general population so that invasive cancer does not develop. Example: smoking cessation, diet and lifestyle modification and micronutrient supplementation
Secondary prevention
Identification and treatment of asymptomatic persons who already have developed premalignant or early malignant disease. Screening : mammography, Pap smears, flexible sigmoidoscopy
2. General Dietary
Fruits and vegetables contain anticancer effects,micronutrients such carotenoid, phenol,isothyocyanates , indoles Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli,cauliflower,brussels sprouts High fiber : reduced risk colorectal cancer Limit consumption of red meats, alcohol
3.Mineral
Selenium : incidence lung,colorectal, prostate cancer significantly decrease Combination beta-carotene, vitamin E, Selenium : reduced stomach ca
4.Physical activity
Protective breast and colorectal cancer 5.Sunlight exposure (UV radiation) White population: skin cancer
6.Infectious agents
Helicobacter pylori : gastric Ca , gastric lymphoma Hepatitis B/C : HCC Epstein Barr virus:Burkitts lumphoma,HD,NPC Human herpes virus B: Kaposi sarcoma Human Papillomaviruses 16,18: Cervical Ca Human lymphotropic virus type I(HTLV I) :Adult T-cell lumphoma/Leukemia
7.Chemoprevention
Use of synthetic , chemical or natural agents to
reverse, suppress or lower the rate of carcinogenesis Exp.: 1.NSAD Sulidac : colorectal adenoma , fami lial adenomatous polyposis coli 2.Tamoxipen, Raloxifene: reduce breast ca