Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atoms are made of three kinds of particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons.
The neutrons and protons are grouped together in the nucleus, which is at the center of the atom. Most of an atoms mass is concentrated in the nucleus. Atomic mass is the mass in grams of 6.023 X 10 23 atoms ( Avogadros Number).

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Electrons are outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. Because electrons are so fast and light, physicists tend to speak of the "electron cloud" rather than talk about the exact location of each electron.

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

The mass of a carbon nucleus is 12 amu. (6p+, 6no) The mass of the electrons is only 0.003 amu. So 99.97 % of the carbon atoms mass is in the nucleus and only 0.03% is in the electron cloud.

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element atoms have no overall electrical charge. Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons atomic weight is basically a measurement of the total number of particles in an atom's nucleus. mass number - round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. The element hydrogen, for example, has three commonly known isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium.

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding

QUANTUM NUMBERS

According to Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle, it is not possible to give the exact position of an electron and its energy at the same time. But the probability of finding an electron in an orbital of given energy can be determined.

QUANTUM NUMBERS

Principal Quantum Number, n Second / Azimuthal Quantum Number, l Magnetic Quantum Number, ml Electron Spin quantum number, ms

QUANTUM NUMBERS
1.

2.

The first quantum number (n) can be any integer bigger than zero. The second quantum number (l) must be a positive integer from zero to n-1.

For example, if n = 1, the only possibility is l = 0. If n = 2, then l can be 0 or 1.

QUANTUM NUMBERS
3.

The third quantum number (m) is an integer that can go from - l to + l.

For example, if l = 3, m can have any of seven values between -3 and +3 (m = 3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3).

4.

The fourth quantum number (s) can only be either +1/2 or -1/2.

PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

main energy level of an orbital. Indicates the relative size of the orbital an increase in n also means increase in the energy of the electron in the orbital. n= 1, 2, 3.7

AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

also called Angular Momentum Number defines the shape of the orbital. values range from 0 to n-1. l=n-1

AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBERS

l 0 1 2 3 Sublevel sharp - s principal - p diffused - d fundamental - f Orbital Shape spherical

dumbbellshaped
cloverleaf too complex

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS

describes the orientation of the orbital in space.

values are l to +l

values per sublevel = 2l +1.

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBERS

Sublevel s p d f l 0 1 2 3 ml 0 -1,0,+1 -2,-1,0,1,+2 -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

ELECTRON SPIN QUANTUM NUMBERS

Specifies two allowed spin directions for an electron spinning on its own axis The directions are clockwise and counter clock wise rotation, and their allowed values are +1/2 and 1/2

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Rules for Filling Orbitals Bottom-up (Aufbaus principle) Fill orbitals singly before doubling up (Hunds Rule) Paired electrons have opposite spin (Pauli exclusion principle)

Basic Principle: electrons occupy lowest energy levels available

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

ATOMIC BONDING

IONIC BONDS

Can form between metallic elements and nonmetallic elements. Example NaCl

Na+, Cl-

ATOMIC BONDING

COVALENT BONDS

A primary bond resulting from the sharing of electrons

ATOMIC BONDING

METALLIC BOND a primary bond resulting from the sharing of delocalized outer electrons in the form of an electron charge cloud by an aggregate of metal atoms.

Example : sodium

ATOMIC BONDING

END