PERIPARTURIENT

PROBLEMS IN
MARE

PRESENTED BY:
Dr. DHIREN B. BHOI
M. V. Sc., (Gynaecology)
E. Mail:-
 A
CLINICAL STUDY
ON
DYSTOCIA IN MARE
PRESENTED TO COLLEGE
CLINICAL COMLPLEX
 Anatomy of Mare

 Vulva
 Vagina Left Ovary

Cervix Vagina
 Cervix Oviduct

 Uterus
 Oviducts
 Ovaries Left Uterine
Horn

Uterine Body
 Normal Delivery
Presentation: Anterior Longitudinal
The foal’s head is presented towards the
mare’s vulva.

Position: Dorsal Sacral

Describes the relationship between the foal’s back and
the mare’s spine.

Posture: Extended extremities

Head, neck & forelimbs
Stages
Stages of of Parturition
Parturition
First Stage
• Lasts 1 to 4 hours
Characteristics
Rotation of the fetus into
normal position

Uterine contraction

Cervical relaxation
Appear anxious

Sweat

Look and kick at her

sides
May lie down
intermittently

Rolling

May look like a colic

Second Stage
► Most critical stage!!!

► It is completed in 10 to
30 min

► Rupture of the placenta

► Release of allantoic fluid

 Protrusion of the amniotic sac
through the vulva several Forelegs appear extended
minutes after rupture of
placenta.
Extended head between The foal is expelled
carpal joints
Third Stage
Expulsion of the placenta

It occurs within the first

3 hours after birth

• A retained placenta for

more than 3hrs is an
emergency itself.
 Dystocia
Calving or birthing difficulty
 Common form in mare

•Abnormal posture of head and neck is one of

the most common form.
•Transverse ventral presentation is not
uncommon
•Wryneck is seen most commonly in equine
foetus
“The abnormal positions and postures,
together with violent labor contractions,
frequently result in impaction of foetus
in the pelvis.”

(Roberts, 1971)
 Causes of Dystocia

1.Maternal

3.Foetal

5.Mechanical
1. Maternal
Uterine inertia due to
systemic disease

Narrow pelvic canal

Pelvic fractures

Dislocated pelvis
(sacroiliac luxation)

Tumors
2. Fetal

Improper positioned

Malformation

Oversized

Twins
3. Mechanical

Feto-pelvic disproportion

Uterine torsion

Narrowing of the cervix

& vagina

Congenital abnormalities
 HISTORY
► Animal aged about 7 years

► Animal was on its first parity

► Animal was in full term

► Animal shows the straining for parturition 3 days

before

► Consulted to local veterinarian who referred the

case to college hospital
 General Examination

Animal was healthy.

Animal showed severe straining.

Animal showed normal alertness.

Mucus membrane was congested.

 External Examination

No edematous swelling of vulva.

Dorsal vulvar commisure was slightly

lacerated.

No fetal part seen out side to genital tract.

No discharge from vulva.

Little bit foul smell observed.

 Specific Examination :

► During pervaginal examination animal

strained severely & showed eversion of the
floor of vagina.

► Epidural anesthesia 5ml (2% lignocaine) was

administered to the animal.
► Pervaginal examination has been carried
out.

► No part of fetus felt in vagina & cervix.

► Foetus palpated within the uterus.

► Presentation : Anterior longitudinal

► Position : Dorso - sacral

► Posture : Bilateral carpal flexion

with
downward deviation of
head (Nape)
Procedures Used to Resolve
Dystocia in the Mare

Enough space was not available.

 Repulsion of the foetus failed.

 Repulsion of right carpal joint was tried to

reach up to the hoof.
 Right hoof of fore limb was captured.

 Hoof moved laterally and anteriorly.

 Right fore limb was extended out to

vagina.
 The animal lies down & keep in left lateral

recumbence.

 The effort was made to extend the left fore

limb.

 Less space & uterine contraction prevent

it.
 After lot of effort left carpal joint was
reachable.

 It was decided to amputate the left fore

limb from carpal joint.

 Amputation was performed.

Performing Fetotomy
 Again effort was made to correct the
deviation of head but failed.

 The case was proceeded for cesarean

section.
Cesarean Section
Site :
Oblique abdominal incision in the
lower right flank region on a line
between the stifle and the
umbilicus, parallel to ventral
borders of the ribs.
Anesthesia:
General anesthesia with local
infiltration
SITE OF INCISION
 Shaving and scrubbing was done by antiseptic soap in
standing position.

 General anesthesia was carried out by intravenous 10ml

Xylazine (0.5-1.1 mg/kg body wt.) + 15ml Ketamine (2.2
mg/kg body wt.).

 The mare was restrained in left lateral recumbence .

► The fluid therapy and antibiotic treatment was started.

►60 ml lignocaine (2%) was infiltrated
locally on incision site.

►With antiseptic precaution 30cm long

Incision was taken.

►After incising the skin, muscle and

peritoneum, incision of the uterus was
made over the fetal prominence.
► Foetus was removed with great difficulty.

► Placenta also removed after the fetus.

► Fetus was completely emphysematous

without any abnormality.

► Cephalaxine (Lixen) powder sprinkled in

the uterus before closing.
REMOVING THE FOETUS
 SUTURING
► Then after uterus was sutured with double
row Cushing suture pattern by Chromic
catgut No # 2.
► Then peritoneum and two layer of muscles
was sutured with continuous lockstitch
suture pattern by Chromic catgut No # 2.
► Skin was sutured with Horizontal mattress
suture pattern by nonabsobable cotton
thread.
•Incision line was sealed with tincture
benzoin seal
► During operation,
- 7 lit. DNS (5%),
- 4gm Intamox,
- 10ml Dexamethasone,
- 15ml Analgin was given intravenously.
 Difference of the caesarian
section in bovine and equine.
► Anesthesia:

► Site of incision on abdomen.

► Site of incision over uterus.

► Suturing.
Post operative complications in
mare.
► Shock and Toxemia (1st day).

► Peritonitis (within 2-5 days).

► Adhesion and strangulation (1-3

weeks)
 Post operative care.
► Stall confinement.
► Injection of Tetanus toxoid.
► Limited amount of laxative food.
► Broad spectrum antibiotic
systemically.
► Anti-inflammatory drugs
► Anti histaminic
► Fluid therapy
( continue for 5-7 days)