PROTECTION & BUS DUCTS

Presented by

Abhilash Chandra Aron Service Engineer & Consultant Turbogenerators

November, 2000
Jump to first page

ELECTRICAL PROTECTIONS

TRIP TYPE:: DIFFRENTIAL STATOR EARTH ROTOR EARTH OVERVOLTAGE OVERCURRENT UNBALANCE UNDERFREQUENCY
ACA - PROT -

TT

GCB

FB

Jump to first page

PROTECTIONS - 2
TRIP TYPE TT UNDEREXCITATION W/O LOSS OF FIELD WITH LOSS OF FIELD REVERSE POWER LONG TIME SHORT TIME (OPERATES ONLY AT TT)
ACA - PROT Jump to first page

GCB

FB

THW: ELEC. PROTECTION

BHEL RECOMMENDATIONS

Resistor ground. Minimum stator earth fault protection: 95%. E/F current < 2A for 2 sec. Trip within 24 Hrs. on 1st rotor earth fault alarm On 2nd fault machine to be tripped Over-voltage relay at 120% rated. Reset factor of the relay not less than 0.95. Tripping on exceeding specified loads. Negative phase sequence: I2.t = 8 On continuous basis: I2 < 5%.
ACA - PROTECT -

Jump to first page

THW: ELEC. PROTECTION - 2

BHEL RECOMMENDATIONS

Loss of field protection allowed at 40% for 15 minutes etc. If grid cannot sustain on auto basis, tripping within 5 sec. Difference in any two phase currents by more than 20% shall cause instant trip. Inter-turn protection with instant tripping if out of balance current in two parallel paths exceeds 2 - 3% of rated current.
ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

THW: ELEC. PROTECTION - 3

BHEL RECOMMENDATIONS

Back up protection for generator main breaker failure shall be provided. Operation at a frequency below 47.5 or above 51.5 Hz allowed only for a total of 2 Hrs. in entire life of set. (Turbine) Reverse power relay to be set at 0.5% of rated output with a time delay of 3 - 10 seconds.
ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

THW : TRIPPING SCHEME

PROTECTION

TT

GCB FB

Generator differential Stator earth fault Rotor earth fault - 1st - 2nd Over-voltage Overload Negative ph seq current Inter-turn for stator wdg. Reverse power Loss of field
PROT - /

Jump to first page

THW: MECHANICAL PROTECTIONS

Bearing babbit 75 High Oil temp.,flow babbit 80 HH Trip B manual Oil out 60 High Oil temp.,flow Oil out 65 HH Trip B manual H2 seal-oil inlet 45High Flow,cooler,CW outlet 70High Trip B manual DM Conductivity: 20Mho: Trip B Auto DM inlet temp.<39: Reduce CW flow 44: Cooler; Unload >48: Trip B manual
Jump to first page

ACA - PROT -

MECHANICAL PROTECTIONS - 2

Wdg.DM flow <21M/Hr Unload to 75% <13M/Hr 4 mte Auto trip B DM outlet 85 DM flow-temp,Cooler Wdg. temp. 75 Unload to normalize Diff in 2 RTDs >20 Run down,man.trip B Cold H2 High 44CW inlet temp,press,& HighHigh 55 Unload.Trip B manual H2 hot gas High75 CW press,temp,flow Core temp High95Unload,Trip B manu
ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

MECHANICAL PROTECTIONS - 3

H2 purity Low 95% Trip B manual H2 press.Low -0.2bar Unchecked, trip B High +0.2bar Restore to normal Rotor wdg.temp High115H2 temp press HighHigh 120 Unload,Trip B CW inlet temp Low 20 Bring it up High 37Scheduled unload HighHigh 48 Run down Trip B
ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

MECHANICAL PROTECTIONS - 4

Liquid in LLI :If CW, isolate cooler,unload If seal oil, rectify,trip B manu. If DM water, check H2 press.

ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

TARI TGs: ELECT. PROTECTION SETTINGS

Differential protection: To obtain high sensitivity, protected area to include TG only. Operating value: 0.2 - 0.4 In. Relay time: < 60 milli sec. Additionally TG +Transformer +Station service feeder may be covered by 2nd differential relay. Stator earth fault: Current to be <15Amp. Relay time < 1 sec. Desirable to cover entire winding range including neutral.
ACA - PROT -

Jump to first page

TARI TGs: PROTECTION SETTINGS - 2

Rotor earth fault: Alarm at IR <80 Kohm De-excite and auto trip if IR < 5 Kohm. Relay time: approx. : 1 sec delay. Under excitation: Alarm on reaching steady state limit. If excitation is totally lost, instant tripping. With brushless exciter,recommended to introduce a 2nd stator criterion covering range of permeance values 1/Xd &1/Xd
ACA - PROT Jump to first page

CONTD.

TARI TGs: PROTECTION SETTINGS - 3 ...and to provide for instant tripping when this criterion is exceeded.

Over-current:1.3 In, Relay time<6- 8 sec If connected to neutral point, it serves as back up protection to differential. Unbalance: I2 = 10%, I2 . t = 20 sec Rise in voltage: Advisable 2 stage relay: 1.45 Un instant and 1.2Un - delayed trip
ACA - PROTECT -

Jump to first page

TARI TGs: PROTECTION SETTINGS - 4

Reverse power: Approx. 50 - 80% of reverse power. High setting at 20 sec & low setting at 4 sec to prevent swings. Over voltage:Advisable to provide surge diverters for TG also - to be connected between phases & earth. Design value: 1.2 - 1.4 Un : Allows 50 Hz over voltage on load rejections.
ACA - PROTECT -

Jump to first page

TARI TGs: PROTECTION SETTINGS - 5

50 Hz spark over voltage: Approx. 2 Un. Test voltage for stator wdg being 2Un+1 Impulse spark over < 4 Un. Surge diverters to be explosion proof or other constructional measures be taken to avoid danger to persons or near by components in case of over voltages. Under frequency with voltage variation.
ACA - PROTECT -

Jump to first page

Jump to first page

STATOR EARTH FAULT

Type of earthing and earth fault current value decide the relay. For resistance grounded TG, definite time or IDMT ground over current relay is used. For solid earth, an IDMT relay is preferred. For solidly / resist. grounded TGs, standby E/F relay operated off a CT is used.
ACA - PROTECT - 18 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR EARTH FAULT - 2

Standby E/F relay backs up the differential or restricted E/F protection when provided, against internal earth faults. For resistance grounded TG,with low E/F infeeds, lower ratio neutral CT can be selected, achieving optimum sensitivity.

ACA - PROT - 19 / 80

Jump to first page

INDUCTION TYPE IDMT RELAY

Inverse with Definite Minimum Time characteristic relay: Has definite minimum time to operate due to self braking effect of fluxes that produce torque.
Time
DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME

Current
ACA - PROT - 20 / 80

Jump to first page

OVER-CURRENT RELAY
INDUCTION TYPE

Fluxes due to primary and secondary windings, separated in phase, produce a torque on disc, which is restrained by a spring. In case of over-current,disc moves and closes the trip contacts. TRIP Time of travel and over-current settings can be altered.
A. C. ARON 05 03 2000

ACA - PROT - 21 / 80

CURRENT Jump to first page

REVERSE POWER RELAY

When power flows normally, fluxes in windings tend to rotate disc away from trip contact. When it flows in reverse VOLTAGE direction, torque is in opposite direction and trip contacts close. TRIP Relay is made sensitive by having a very light control spring.
A. C. ARON 05 03 2000

ACA - PROT - 22 / 80

CURRENT Jump to first page

STATOR EARTH FAULT - 3

IDMT TYPE RELAY 64S STATOR WINDING

64S

LOW RATIO CT

64S

SOLID EARTHING

RESISTANCE EARTHING
A. C. ARON 99 07 24 Jump to first page

ACA - PROT - 23 / 80

STATOR EARTH FAULT - 4

RELAY 64S FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE EARTH STATOR WINDING
LOAD RESISTANCE

DISTBN. TRANSF.

LR 64S
64S

VOLTAGE OPERATED NEUTRAL DISPLACEMENT SENSITIVE CURRENT IDMT TYPE 5-20 V OPERATED
ACA - PROT - 24 / 80 A. C. ARON 99 07 24 Jump to first page

STATOR EARTH FAULT - 4

Earth fault relay is normally used along with follower timer for a sensitive setting or 2 stage protection using 2 relays used. 1st stage with sensitive setting ~ 5% with a follower timer and second with coarser setting say 10% with instantaneous trip. They cover 90-95% of winding. For 100%, sub harmonic voltage injection or 3rd harmonic voltage comparison based relay is used.
ACA - PROT - 25 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS

SAMPTH & PRATAPKUMAR ENGLISHELECTRIC

Phase to ground fault, depending upon fault location, increases elect. stresses on unaffected winding. Probability of 2nd ground fault increases. Serious damage may result, if a fault occurs near to neutral and is then followed by a 2nd fault higher up in same phase.
ACA - PROT - 26 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 2

This 2nd fault may result from insulation deterioration caused by transient over-voltages due to erratic, low current unstable arcing of the 1st fault. 2nd fault may result in high currents. To cover entire winding with earth fault protection, three methods are used: 1. Measurement of 3rd harmonic at generator neutral voltage.

ACA - PROT - 2 7/ 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 3

2. Deliberate displacement of neutral potential with respect to ground, by injecting a voltage, at a sub-multiple of power frequency. 3. Comparison of 3rd harmonic voltages generated at both: neutral and line ends of the winding. English Electric uses 3rd method. 3rd harmonic voltage builds up across capacitiv impedance of phase to ground
ACA - PROT - 28 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 4

Due to ground impedance, neutral shall also have 3rd harmonic voltage to earth. Actual 3rd harmonic voltage is 1- 3 % of rated voltage at no load. At loads, it can be 0.5 to 2.5 times the no load value. However VN3 / VL3 remains constant. When fault occurs at point F, VN3 / VL3 ratio changes. Difference of VN3 & VL3 as a % of V3, is sensed by relay PVMM.
ACA - PROT - 2 9 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 5

There is a blind zone when the ratio VN3 / VL3 remains same in healthy as well as in fault condition. Relay shall not sense the fault. This is taken care of by the usual 95% winding coverage relay tuned to 50 Hz. Relay stability depends upon availability of both neutral and line voltages. Later can disappear if VT fuse blows.
ACA - PROT - 30 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 6

SAMPTH & PRATAPKUMAR ENGLISHELECTRIC

VT fuse health is monitored by a circuit consisting of a reed relay which gets energized if the fuse fails.

ACA - PROT - 31 / 80

Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 7

SAMPTH & PRATAPKUMAR, ENGLISHELECTRIC

BLIND ZONE N Rn

V3
VN3 V3

L VL3

N
VN3F

L
V3 VL3F VL3Q

VN3

ACA - PROT - 32 / 80

VL3 VL3 VN3 VL3 VN3 N L 0 0.2 0.6 1.0 FAULT POSITION

BLIND ZONE

VN3Q Q: HEALTHY F: FAULTY

A C ARON APR 2000 Jump to first page

STATOR GROUND FAULTS - 8

SAMPTH & PRATAPKUMAR, ENGLISHELECTRIC

PVMM RELAY INPUTS G

NEUTRAL DISPLACEMENT DETECTOR UNIT 3rd HARMONIC VOLTAGE COMPARATOR GROUND TRANSFORMER

LINE PT

ACA - PROT - 33 / 80

Jump to first page

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL

It is a unit protection, covering both phase and earth faults within machine. Protection zone is defined by CTs on neutral and line sides of stator winding. High impedance type protection, off CTs having identical ratio and rating used. CTs are low reactance type class PS with minimum turns ratio error and of identical magnetizing characteristics.
Jump to first page

ACA - PROT - 34 / 80

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 2

The relays are either current or voltage calibrated & tuned to system frequency to ensure stability on through faults in presence of 3rd harmonic currents and transient DC offsets in fault current.

ACA - PROT - 35 / 80

Jump to first page

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 3
STATOR WDG.

RESISTORS 87 87 HIGH IMPEDANCE RELAY

87

ACA - PROT - 36 / 80

A. C. ARON 05 03 2000 Jump to first page

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 4
STATOR WDG. R Y B N

64
64 ADDL. CT IF EARTHING TAP OFF IS BEFORE THE NEUTRAL CT
ACA - PROT - 37 / 80 A. C. ARON 05 03 2000 Jump to first page

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 5
CT A (n/1) CT B (n/1) T
87

If
RL Lead Resistance RCT CT B SATUR.

CT A IS RST ACTIVE VS 87 If/n Max. Vs that can appear under thro fault = If/n {RCT+2RL} Relay voltage setting to be >Vs.For current relay, choose RST such that Is remains below relay setting. CTs to have a knee point voltage >2Vs to ensure that current thro relay is > twice the setting current when internal fault occurs for fast & positive operation of the relay. Jump to first page A. C. ARON 99 07 24

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 6

Associated CTs should have a knee point voltage of at least twice the setting voltage Vs, to ensure that the CTs push at least twice the setting current thro the relay on internal fault for fast and positive operation. Knee point voltage Vk of the CT is: Vk => 2 Vs or Vk => 2 If/n { RCT + 2RL}
Jump to first page

ACA - PROT - 39 / 80

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 7

Associated CTs will see current inrush into Generator for an internal fault. This results in high peak voltage across relay and CT secondary pilots. This value may exceed 3 KV, so it is customary to use nonlinear resistors (Metrosits) across relay branch to limit such voltages within limits.
ACA - PROT - 40 / 80
Jump to first page

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL - 8
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Biased differential relay is used when TG +GT are treated as single zone. Y GT is compensated by Y CT connection. For unit auxiliary transformers, CTs are provided on UAT tap off. CT

ET

UAT
Y

GT Y

Y
Y

87

INTERPOSING CT

ACA - PROT - 41 / 80

Jump to first page

UNBALANCED LOADING
SH Y. K. PANDHARIPANDE NASIK 1999

Unbalanced loads in TG cause negative sequence currents to flow. These create synchronous field in reverse direction. This field produces 2f (100Hz) currents to flow on rotor surface & intense heat. Negative sequence relay give alarm if I2 increases preset value and trip the m/c if I2t exceeds limit. Alarm is set at 80% of I2t trip value and instant trip at 100%
ACA - PROT - 42 / 80

Jump to first page

UNBALANCED LOADING
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RELAY 46 R

Y B
IB ZB
46

ZR

IR

IR VR + VB = 0 VR IB VB IY

IR VR

VR + VB VB IY
Jump to first page

IB

ACA - PROT - 43 / 80

ROTOR EARTH FAULT

First or single rotor earth fault is detected based on DC injection principle. This method requires access to field circuit. For brushless exciters often instrument slip rings are provided to which relay can be connected. Relay is time delayed and mostly made to initiate alarm. It can detect fault even during machine standstill condition.
ACA - PROT - 44 / 80

Jump to first page

ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 2

+
Ex

FIELD WINDING

AUX AC SUPPLY

RELAY

ACA - PROT - 45 / 80

Jump to first page

ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 3

SH Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK JUL 1999

If first earth fault appears, it is essential to protect rotor from second earth fault damage which is severe. This is brought in service in steps using 4 position selector switch. Relay is based on disturbed bridge balance which appears on first fault. By adjusting on a potentiometer, bridge is balanced. 2nd fault shall flow current thro 64R2 to trip.
ACA - PROT - 46 / 80

Jump to first page

ROTOR EARTH FAULT - 4

SH Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK JUL 1999

POTENTIOMETER

+
Ex

2nd 1st

AUX AC SUPPLY
64R1

1st E/F Balance Test 2nd E/F

A. C. ARON 03 03 2000 Jump to first page

TRIP
ACA - PROT - 47 / 80

64R2

mA

1st ROTOR EARTH FAULT

POTENTIOMETER

+
Ex

E/F
AUX AC SUPPLY
64R1

1st E/F

Bridge gets unbalanced. Relay 64 R1 gets signal. Alarm is initiated.

ACA - PROT - 48 / 80

A. C. ARON 03 03 2000 Jump to first page

BALANCE POSITION
POTENTIOMETER

+
Ex 1st E/F AUX AC SUPPLY
+

64R1

mA HAS NO CURRENT
ACA - PROT - 49 / 80

1st E/F Balance Test 2nd E/F

A. C. ARON 03 03 2000 Jump to first page

mA

TESTING FOR BALANCE

POTENTIOMETER

+
Ex
1st

AUX AC SUPPLY
64R1

1st E/F Balance Test

TRIP
ACA - PROT - 50 / 80

64R2

mA
A. C. ARON 03 03 2000 Jump to first page

2ND ROTOR EARTH FAULT

POTENTIOMETER

+
Ex

2nd
1st

RELAY 64 R2 GETS OUT OF BALANCE CURRENT & INITIATES TRIPPING

1st E/F Balance Test

2nd E/F TRIP

64R2 mA
ACA - PROT - 51 / 80 A. C. ARON 03 03 2000 Jump to first page

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION

SH Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK JULY 1999

Failure of brushgear,accidental opening of FCB, failure of AVR cause field loss. Two types of relays used: Under current type and Offset MHO relay. Under current relay, set at <8% If, that is < min. field current, is used with follower timer. To overcome slip freq. currents OFF delay and ON delay timers used. Unsuitable for large TGs - Ifo is small.
Jump to first page

ACA - PROT -52 / 80

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 2

UNDER CURRENT RELAY FCB FIELD WINDG. EXCITATION

E
D.R.

50
T1

T2

ALARM / TRIP

50:FIELD UNDER CURR RELAY T1 OFF DELAY TIMER 0.1-1S T2 ON DELAY TIMER 0.1-1S

The relay requires access to field hence limitation for its use for brushless systems.
ACA - PROT - 53 / 80

A. C. ARON Jump to first page 99 07 23

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 3

MHO TYPE RELAY

Offset MHO relay monitors impedance at TG terminals. Without field, machine draws reactive current from system, the terminal impedance shifts from1st to 4th quadrant on the R - X plane and settles within the relay characteristic. Field failure protections are used with 1.5- 2 sec delay to ensure transient free operation.
ACA - PROT - 54 / 80

Jump to first page

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 4

MHO TYPE RELAY - 2

For large TGs, it is supplemented by under voltage relay, which overrides time delay. This ensures stability when field failure occurs say at full load & accompanied by drop in stator voltage. System is not strong enough to support VAR needs of the generator.
ACA - PROT - 55 / 80

Jump to first page

FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION - 5

MHO TYPE RELAY - 3

MHO relay settings are: TG with rotor angle of 90 & no leading PF operation: OFFSET Offset = 0.50 Xd DIA Diameter = Xd TG with rotor angle of upto 120 and likely leading PF OFFSET MHO operation: RELAY Offset = 0.75 Xd Diameter= 0.5 Xd
ACA - PROT - 56 / 80

X LOCUS R

Jump to first page

BACK UP PROTECTION

It is provided for tripping, in case system faults are not cleared. For close up faults, AVR may not be able to boost voltage and hence low fault current levels obtained. Voltage controlled over-current relays are used. The relay is designed to become more sensitive with voltage reduction and operates positively, even if fault current is less than rated.
ACA - PROT - 57 / 80

Jump to first page

BACK UP PROTECTION - 2

Voltage controlled over-current relays are applied for directly connected m/cs. Relay characteristic shifts from overcurrent to fault when input voltage falls below preset level. 28 The relay is time coordinated with the down stream back up protections.
21 14 7 0

OVERLOAD FAULT CURRENT

Jump to first page

ACA - PROT - 58 / 80

BACK UP PROTECTION - 3

For unit connected generators, single step offset MHO relay is used for back up impedance protection along with a follower timer. Relay is set to cover longest emanating line from station bus bars. Effect of in-feeds from parallel generator is also taken into account while setting the relay to the extent permitted by load.
ACA - PROT - 59 / 80

Jump to first page

BACK UP PROTECTION - 4
GEN

LR EARTHING TRANSF.
BACK UP 21 IMPEDANCE RELAY

GEN TRANSF 51N STANDBY E/F RELAY

GEN VT

Zset = ZT + n ZL ZT is gen transf. leakage impedance, ZL longest line impedance, n=No of TGs.in //. Upper limit of Zset decided by max load on TG & 80% load impedance
Jump to first page

INTER POSING VT

BACK UP PROTECTION - 5

Since relay is connected at TG voltage level but measures line impedance(thro GT impedance),input voltage from VT is phase corrected by providing Y VT to compensate phase shift due to Y GT Back up imped. relay caters for ph to ph or 3 ph faults on the line. E/F back up is provided by standby E/F relay 51N operated off neutral CT on GT side.
Jump to first page

ACA - PROT - 61 / 80

ANTI MOTORING PROTECTION

For steam turbine sets, motoring power is about 0.5 - 6% of rated. Lower for condensing & higher for back pressure. Gas turbines may draw 10 - 15% rated. Reverse power relay with time delay is used. While sensitive relay with about 0.5% power setting is required for STG, coarser setting of about 3% for gas turbine/engine driven sets is used.
ACA - PROT - 62 / 80

Jump to first page

OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION

Over voltages may occur due to sudden load throw off and consequent turbine over-speeding. Although AVR controls voltages and speed governors control speed, back up may be required. Usually definite time over voltage relay is used. The relay should have high drop off /pick up ratio and preferably be of continuously adjustable setting.
ACA - PROT -63 / 80

Jump to first page

FREQUENCY PROTECTION

Multi stage under frequency schemes are applied. Cumulative timers along with under frequency relays are used to initiate alarms, to isolate machine for a shut down if cumulative operation exceeds limits. Over frequency relays are used as a back up to mechanical over-speed protection. Under / over frequency relays are time delayed to prevent transient operation.
ACA - PROT - 64 / 80

Jump to first page

OVER FLUXING PROTECTION

It is used to prevent over-fluxing of GT. Over-fluxing relay measures V/f ratio - an index of over-fluxing. Typical V/f settings are: 1 - 1.3 on 110V/50Hz basis. Relays are definite time or inverse time versions with pre-trip alarm for corrective steps. Since immediate isolation of GT is not required, relay is provided with adjustable time delay thus also preventing transients
ACA - PROT - 65 / 80

Jump to first page

OUT OF STEP - POLE SLIPPING

Prolonged fault clearing time, low system voltage, weak field condition or some line switching operation may cause pole to slip Rotor oscillations cause variations in V, I, PF & torque reversals. Loss of excitation protection can not be relied upon under all system conditions. Separate out of step protection is provided. Impedance as measured at TG terminals changes most during pole slipping.
Jump to first page

POLE SLIPPING - 2

Two OHM relays are used with their characteristics being located on left of and parallel to total system impedance vector. As terminal impedance changes during a swing, impedance vector moves along the power swing impedance loci traversing the 3 zones, in turn causing sequential operation of two ohm relays. Relays can be set not to operate for swings upto90 from which synchronizm may recover.
Jump to first page

POLE SLIPPING - 3
BY Y K PANDHARIPANDE, NASIK 1999

OHM RELAY 2

OHM X RELAY 1
ZONE C C ZS

ZONE ZONE E D B XT O XG

EG > ES

POWER SWING LOCUS EG = ES R EG < ES

A
EG
ACA - PROT - 68 / 74

XG

XT

ZS

ES
A. C. ARON 99 07 28 Jump to first page

DEAD MACHINE PROTECTION

TG is protected at standstill or on barring gear, from accidental energisation. A high speed protection involving current detection in all three phases trips EHV breaker. Supplemented with under voltage relays, protection is coordinated to prevent mal-operation for close in faults.
ACA - PROT - 69 / 74

Jump to first page

NUMERICAL PROTECTION

Microprocessor based protection is user friendly with configurable software-based tripping matrix. It has also the following: Continuous self monitoring; facility to communicate with station control & with remote load dispatch control, reducing cabling. Events recording;flexible relay settings & reduction in CT / VT burden are possible
ACA - PROT - 70 / 74

Jump to first page

NUMERICAL PROTECTION - 2

It has a library of protection functions that make it easy to apply, replacing large no. of discrete relays and reduction in panels Protection functions in numerical relays are defined by software,resulting in better algorithms for individual functions and capability to adapt to changed operating conditions. Comprehensive multi-function MP-based generator protection relay is developed.
ACA - PROT - 71 / 74

Jump to first page

TRIPPING MODES

Shut down or simultaneous tripping: Cl. A or interlocked / sequential trip: Class B. Class A trips ST, TG, field breaker & unit aux. transformer LV breaker together. TG differential, overall diff., stator E/F, GT UAT, restricted E/F,2nd rotor E/F, back up impedance or over-current protections initiate instant trip of whole unit on severe electrical faults.
ACA - PROT - 72 / 74

Jump to first page

TRIPPING MODES - 2

Class B is applied where elec. isolation of TG can be delayed. ST trips immediately. Tripping of TG,UAT, field circuit breaker is interlocked with low forward power relay. This avoids over-speeding of TG. Mode Class D is provided for GTG which involves tripping of GCB & excitation only. GT is not tripped. It can spin at no load w/o overspeeding. Cl A trip affects GT life.
ACA - PROT - 73 / 74

Jump to first page

BEST WISHES TO U ALL

AFSHA REHMANI CLASS 5

Jump to first page