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Arousal
What is Arousal then? Arousal is a combination of PHYSIOLOGICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL excitement or ACTIVATION. The intensity of arousal determines the responsiveness or direction of the behaviour i.e. dominant responses. It is also associated with the CUE UTILISATION and INVERTED U THEORYHow?
Personality
Extroverts perform best at _____ optimal arousal level. An introverted personality type, in contrast, performs better at _____ optimal arousal point. Introverts have a very sensitive RAS. Conclusion?
Complexity of Task
Simple tasks such as shot putt tend to be gross, habitual and have a wide margin for error. Tasks are best performed when the performer has a high optimal threshold of arousal- further to go. Complex tasks are often more perceptual, manipulative and have less room for error i.e. spin bowling.
Level of Ability
An expert athlete (autonomous) would find a high level of arousal beneficial to performance. Those at novice (cognitive or associative) who need to concentrate on basic movements, would require a low level of arousal if they are to continue to learn.
The broken line represents high optimal arousal required for one, all or a combination of the following variables
Low complexity High ability Extroversion
2 forms of ANXIETY
COGNITIVE ANXIETY: the thought component of anxiety. It is associated with worry, apprehension and fear of negative evaluation of performance. SOMATIC ANXIETY: the physical component and is associated with increased HR and BP. Somatic anxiety is triggered by cognitive anxiety.
Question
How can we link CATASTROPHE THEORY into levels of AROUSAL? (3)
High cognitive arousal coincides with a somatic arousal level past optimal level, the performance of the individual drops sharply.
STRESS
Stress is the trigger that stimulates and increases both ANXIETY and AROUSAL. This is when a performer reaches a challenge they feel they cannot cope with. i.e. a penalty in football. The penalty is deemed the stressor in that situation. There is also conflict, competition and frustration which are examples of stressors in sport.
IZOF
Hanin (1986) researched specifically the effect of anxiety on performance. Hanin proposed that people respond differently to anxiety. Hanin concluded that there is not a general relationship between ANXIETY and PERFORMANCE, though athletes have there own preferred level of anxiety.
Further Developments
Randle and Weinberg (1997) proposed that players in team sports have a preference for a lower IZOF than athletes competing in individual events.
PEAK FLOW
Csikszentmihalyi (1990) proposed that completion of skill is at optimum level when the performer is controlled and focused. This creates intrinsic reward, selffulfilment and happiness. This is a rarely experienced, holistic sensation known as PEAK FLOW
Continued
Martens (1992) PEAK FLOW is most likely to occur when HIGH SOMATIC AROUSAL coincides with LOW COGNITIVE ANXIETY. Other factors include
Anxiety Concentration Attention Style Confidence Goal Setting Environmental Conditions Leadership Group Cohesion
Thats it!!!
Next weeks lesson will take an exam tutorial basis- I will have 3 questions prepared to get you used to writing at length for 10, 20 or 30 mins. Well done for completing what is a difficult area of the course.