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A2 Biology F214
Cells signal using hormones (the Endocrine system) that travel in the blood stream and are picked up by their target cells. The endocrine system enables long-term responses.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
A system of monitoring and adjustment to keep conditions within safe limits
Homeostasis
Monitoring Controlling Internal conditions To keep them constant (or within safe limits) Despite external changes
Egs temperature blood glucose levels blood salt concentration relative water potential of blood, tissue fluid and cells, pH Blood pressure CO2 levels
Negative Feedback
What is an Ectotherm?
How does an Ectotherm control its body temperature?
Write down as many different ways that you can think of. Complete the card sort to see how different Ectotherms deal with regulation of temperature
Control of temperature
Ectotherms Seek sun or shade depending on outside temperature Expose more or less body surface to sun Alter body shape to change surface area Increase breathing movements to evaporate more water
What is an Endotherm?
How does an Endotherm control its body temperature?
Write down as many different ways that you can think of.
Control of temperature
Endotherms
Sweating Panting Piloerection Vasodilation /vasoconstriction Metabolic rate in liver Shivering Seek sun or shade Alter orientation of body Alter activity level
Diagram to show changes to skin surface blood vessels in warm and cold conditions.
Nose
Tongue
Use these terms to label the diagrams you have been given. Axon - specialised to conduct the action potential away from the cell body Axon terminals release neurotransmitter to signal to other cells Dendrites- extend from cell body and receive neurotransmitter from axon terminals of other neurones Cell body- contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes Axon Hillock - point at which the chemical signal received may reach the threshold needed to produce an action potential Myelin sheath-insulating fatty layer composed of Schwann cells Nodes of Ranvier - Gaps between Schwann cells Dendron branch of neurone that conduct the action potential towards the cell body
Structure of neurones
35
All stimuli produce generator potentials but some dont cause a big enough change in p.d. to reach threshold potential so no action potential is generated.
You should be able to: Describe and explain how an action potential is generated. Interpret graphs of the voltage changes taking place during the generation and transmission of an action potential.
35
Small stimuli dont cause a big enough change in p.d. to generate an action potential. (P.d. doesnt reach generator potential.)
Local Current
AP at 1 causes Na ions to move into axon Na ions diffuse to areas of ve charge further down axon towards 2 Voltage gated Na channels are only present at Nodes of Ranvier So new AP starts at 3 and so on The impulse moves in one direction only as it takes time to re-establish distribution of ions using the Na/K pump. So the neurone cannot depolarise again immediately in that region (refractory period)
Use your new knowledge to create a script to describe and explain the following animation: