Microwave Principles

Microwave Product Customer Service Dept. 2009-1

Contents

PART 1

Microwave Equipments Application Microwave Communication Principles

PART 2 PART 3

Network Planning

Microwave Equipment Application

Application/Solution Mobile Network Application Cellular Network Application Ethernet Application

Application/Solution
Point to Point Digital Microwave transmission system
Coaxial cable
Microwave link

MUX

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Mobile Network Application

SDH
..... MSC

SDH

PDH
BTS

PDH
BTS

PDH
BTS BTS BTS

PDH
BTS

BTS
BTS

PDH
BTS BTS

BTS
PSTN MSC BSC

SDH

BSC

SDH SDH
BSC BTS BTS BTS

BTS BTS

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network MSC: Mobile Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station BTS SDH

BTS BSC BTS

SDH

PDH PDH PDH

BTS BTS

BTS

PDH

SDH Microwave
BTS

PDH

PDH Microwave

Cellular Network Application 1

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Cellular Network Application2

RNC: Regional Network Centre ADM: Add/Drop Multiplexer MUX: Multiplexer STM: Synchronous Transport Module

Ethernet Application(1)
LAN to LAN Bridge

Ethernet Application(2)

Ethernet Application(3)

Review

What are the main transmission methods nowadays? What are the main applications for microwave equipments?

Microwave Communication Principles

Introduction to Microwave Principles System Structure

Introduction to Microwave Principles

Different Transmission Systems Microwave Frequency Features of Radio Transmission Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization Radio Wave Propagation Fading Interference Microwave Radio Link Relay station (Passive)

Different Transmission Systems

Coaxial cable Microwave link

MUX

MUX

Satellite

Fiber optic cable

Microwave Frequency
Frequency: 300MHZ 300GHZ Wavelength: 1mm~1m

Frequency band: UHF: 0.3-1.12G KU: 12.4-18G S: 2.6-3.95 G U: 40-60G

X: 8.2-12.4G LS: 1.7-2.6 G Ka: 26.5-40G XC: 5.85-8.2G

L: 1.12-1.7G K: 18-26G C: 3.95-5.85G

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

SHF microwave

EHF

10km 30kHz

1km 300kHz

100m 3MHz

10m 30MHz

1m 300MHz

10cm 3GHz

1cm 30GHz

1mm 300GHz

Features of Radio transmission

1 2 3 4 5 6 Wavelength is short while frequency is high. Wide frequency band Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering Free space loss Fading caused by other types of path loss. Interference

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization 1

Regional network 1.5 2.5

2 8 34 Mbit/s

3.3 11 GHz National backbone network 34 140 155 Mbit/s Regional and local network 2 8 34 140 155 Mbit/s 8 10 20 30 40 50

GHz

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization 2

Low frequency band High frequency band

Channel number 1 F3 2 n 1' 2' n'

Fo Frequency F1 F2 Band width Fo: Center frequency

Radio Wave Propagation 1

The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmitting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground)

The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation: 1. Path curvature 2. Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events Free space loss (Lfs)=92.4+20log(fd) (dB) f:GHz, d:km

Radio Wave Propagation 2

Atmosphere influence

Refraction

Partial reflection

Absorption
Gaz and water vapor

Diffusion
Diffusion volume

n2

n2 i.2 Freq. < 15GHz : insignificant 20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km

Rain
i.1 n1 n1 Freq. > 10GHz

500km

n1sin i.1 = n2sin i.2

Almost horizontal

Radio Wave Propagation 3

Ground influence

Diffraction Reflection

Diffraction on a ridge

Spherical diffraction

Radio Wave Propagation 4

Air refraction index at sea level: n = 1.000 315
N
h

N = 315 N units

Standard atmosphere N = - 39 N km

Ro Real Earth
N : Gradient of air refraction index

K = R/Ro = 4/3

R Imaginary Earth

N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time

An imaginary earth with the radius of 8500km, allows to simplify analysis on Refraction propagation of radio wave.

Fading

Causes

Types
Selective Fading Rain and Snow Fading Anti-Fading Measures

Causes
Causes of fading

1 2 3 4

Changes of transmitting media Reflection Atmosphere Rain

Types

1 2 3

Fast fading and slow fading Up fading and down fading Frequency selective fading and flat fading

Selective Fading
Cause Multi-path propagation
Refraction Reflection A1 A
2

A 2 ,T A 1 ,T
1

Transmitter
F= A max 1

Receiver
=T A =
2

-T A2 A1

A min A1 -A2 A1+ A For A1 = A2

Frequency F0
2

Radio channel < 1 minimal-phase fading > 1 non-minimal phase fading

A max dB = + 6 A min dB = -

The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal

Rain and Snow Fading

Main cause frequencies > 10 GHz
-80 < Pr < -20 dBm Receiver A B
FI

Demodulator

CAG

Digital signal Transmitter dBm A IF W0 Noise dBm

IF Level 0 dBm 2dB

B Signal Time
C N

Time

Noise

Anti-Fading Measures
Techniques without diversity

1 2
3

Reduce ground reflection Increase path consistency

Various equalizers

Diversity techniques 1 2

Frequency Diversity Space Diversity

10.2/F0/2<H<37/F0/2

Interference

Types Anti-Interference Measures

Sort

A B

Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference

Anti-Interference Measures

A B

Increase transmit power Improve band pass filter performance

Microwave Radio Link

Hop NO.1 Hop NO.2 Hop No.n

Or
TX/R x TX/Rx TX/R x TX/Rx

Terminal Station
Cable

Relay station (Active) Radio Link

Relay station (Passive)

Terminal Station Cable

Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, a few km < D < 100km Availability and quality depends on the distance recommended by ITU-R.

Relay station (Passive)

Plane reflectors

Parabolic reflectors

System hierarchy

Digital System Hierarchy Transmission Rate Levels

Digital System Hierarchy

2400/19200 bit/s Data VF Data

MUX

PCM

64 kbit/s
TN 1 2.048 Mbit/s 4 x 30 channels TN 2 8.448 Mbit/s 4 x 120 channels TN 3 34.268 Mbit/s 4 x 480 channels TN 4 139.264 Mbit/s 1920 channels 480 channels 120 channels + frame + stuffing 30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame 32 x 64 = 2048 kbit/s

Transmission Rate Levels

2/34 Mbit/s PDH ADM 155 155 Mbit/s

CMI

Tx/Rx

34,268 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN4

140 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

CMI

8,448 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN3

34 Mbit/s HDB3
or 16x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

2,048 Mbit/s

4 3 2 1

TN2

8 Mbit/s HDB3
or 4x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

30 64 kbit/s 1

TN1

2 Mbit/s HDB3
4x2 Mbit/s

Tx/Rx

Review
1. What are the frequency rang of microwave? 2. Describe the features of the microwave transmission? 3. What are the influences of the atmosphere on microwave transmission? 4. What are the causes of fading? 5. What are the main causes of selective fading? 6. What are the two types of counter-fading measures? What are the main measures? 7. How many kinds of passive relay stations are there?

Network Planning

Analyze customers requirements Establish performance objective

Determine frequency allocation plan

Select equipments Link performance estimation

Analyze Customers Requirements

What is the business requirements? What do we need to know before network design? 1 2 3 Traffic volume and system capacity Transmission data speed Performance objectiveavailability and reliability Installed locationseconomic Specificationsmeasurable Network management system Interoperability

4
5 6 7

Establish Performance Objective

Error Performance
Availability Recommended Value in 1 Month

Error Performance
It is recommended that evaluate the error performance once a month. The error performance items are defined as: ES (Errored Second): a second containing 1 or more than 1 errored blocks. SES (Severely Errored Second): a second with no less than 30% errored blocks or at least a defect.

BBE (Background Block Error): the number of errored blocks in a certain period of test time after taking out the ES and unavailable time.
Error performance parameters are: SESR (Severely Errored Second Ratio), BBER (Background Block Errored Ratio) ESR (Errored Second Ratio) It is generally agreed that SER and BBER will also be satisfied once SESR meets the objective.

Availability Recommended Value in 1 Month

Availability is the ratio of the link available time against the total time.

Availability
99.9% 99.99% 99.999% 99.9999%

Outage time ratio

0.1% 0.01% 0.001% 0.0001%

Outage time in 1 year

9 hours 1 hour 5 minutes 30 seconds

Frequency Allocation Plan

Apply Frequency
Choose Frequency

Apply Frequency
ITU-R recommendation for microwave frequency band width:

Band (GHz) Scale (GHz)

L6

U6

11

13

15

18

23

26

38

3.6~ 4.2

5.9~ 6.4

6.4~ 7.1

7.1~ 7.7

7.7~ 8.5

10.7 ~11.7

12.7 ~13. 2

14.5 ~15. 3

17.7 ~19. 7

21.1 ~23. 6

24.5 ~26. 5

37.0 ~39. 5

Choose Frequency

1 2 3

The signal at lower frequency propagates longer distance. Low frequency generate interference to ambient area.

Higher frequency can achieve higher antenna gain.

Higher frequency has smaller Fresnel zone. Higher bands have more bandwidth available for high-speed Data transmission, and less interference.

4
5

Choose Equipments
PASOLINK Appearance PASO+ Appearance PASOLINK NEO/c Appearance ZXMW PR10 Appearance ZXMW SR10 Appearance Network Configuration of One Hop System Network Configuration of Multi-Hops System Network Configuration of Ring System

Network Configuration of Multi-branches System

PASOLINK Appearance

Installation pole
0.6m Antenna Outdoor unit (ODU)

Indoor unit (IDU)

PASO+ Appearance

Installation pole 0.3m Antenna Outdoor unit (ODU)

Indoor unit (IDU)

PASOLINK NEO/c Appearance

HYB

ZXMW PR10 Appearance

ODU IDU

IF cable

ZXMW SR10 Appearance

ODU IF cable

IDU

Network Configuration of One Hop System

Network Configuration of Multi-Hops System

Network Configuration of Ring System

ADM IDU IDU

IDU ADM

SDH RING STM-1

IDU ADM IDU

STM-0/ STM-1
IDU

IDU

IDU

ADM IDU

IDU

STM-0/ PDH
IDU IDU

Network Configuration Multi-branches System

Mux

back to back

back to back

back to back

Link Performance Evaluation

Use the calculation tool (Pathloss) to evaluate the link performance.

Review
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the customers requirements we need to know? What are the frequency bands we often use? What are the principles of choosing the frequency? What are the equipments we often use? What are the common networking modes?