Diagnstico de alineacin para Camin

ALINEACIN
DEFINICIN: El proceso por el cual el vehculo y todos las llantas estn viajando en la misma direccin. Desempea un papel importante en
Tire performance Reducing Tire Costs Vehicle handling Driver control Improving fuel economy Component life

8 Components of Alignment
CASTER CAMBER KING PIN INCLINATION TOE ACKERMAN ANGLE TURNING RADIUS AXLE PARALLELISM (thrust and scrub) AXLE SETBACK

AXLE

MISALIGNMENT

1. Drive axle misalignment most frequent 2. Trailer misalignment 2nd most frequent

3. Steer axle misalignment least frequent

CASTER- Forward or backward tilt of

the steering axis as viewed from the side
Necessary to provide self aligning forces on steer tires
Assists in turning wheels to straight ahead position when going around corner Stabilizes vehicle when: braking accelerating

Gives directional stability Decrease susceptibility to crosswinds Helps offset effects of road crown

CASTER PROBLEMS
INSUFFICIENT CASTER
Reduces stability Vehicle wanders

EXCESSIVE CASTER
Increases steering effort

Can cause a shimmy

Can cause shoulder wear on tires in city operation

INCORRECT CASTER CAUSED BY:

Incorrect shims or installed improperly
Sagging springs Worn shackles and bushings Twisted axle

CAMBER- INWARD OR OUTWARD TILT OF THE

WHEELS WHEN VIEWED FROM THE FRONT OF THE VEHICLE
NECESSARY TO : REDUCE SIDE THRUST COMPENSATE FOR WEAR ON STEERING KNUCKLE COMPENSATE FOR WEAR ON WHEEL BEARINGS SHIFT WEIGHT TO INNER WHEEL BEARING BUILT INTO AXLES - NON ADJUSTABLE TRUCK WILL LEAD TO THE SIDE WITH MOST POSITIVE CAMBER.

INCORRECT CAMBER

INCORRECT CAMBER CAN CAUSE: EXCESSIVE TIRE WEAR

WANDER (PULLS TO SIDE WITH MOST POSITIVE CAMBER)

HARD STEERING EXCESSIVE TIRE HEAT

KINGPIN INCLINATION-The amount, in degrees,

that the top of the kingpin inclines away from the vertical as viewing from the front of the truck.

Kingpin Inclination working together with camber angle are called Included Angle. Included Angle puts the approximate center of the tire tread in contact with the road. Kingpin Inclination has the effect of reducing steering effort and improves directional stability.

Preferred tolerance is 1 degree from side to side. Can be used to help determine if an axle or spindle is bent.

TOE - The inward or outward pointing of the wheels

when viewed from the top of the vehicle.

Necessary to compensate for tendency of wheels to deflect rearward when loaded or in motion.
Goal - zero toe when loaded and in motion Incorrect toe shows up as feathering of tread on both ends of axle - greatest tire wear problem

Preferred Specs. For radial tires are .03 to .07 (1/32 to 1/16) toe-in.

A feather or saw tooth edge pointing outward will indicate a toe-out problem.

A feather or saw tooth edge pointing inward will indicate excessive toe-in

ACKERMAN ANGLE (TOE OUT ON TURNS)

CHECKING ACKERMAN ANGLE

Measure WT (width of tires) and WB (wheel base)

Read intersection of WT and WB

Turn outside wheel to 20 degrees, and read turn table dial on opposite side to verify proper toe out on turns

Preferred Tolerance +/- 2 deg. for Over the road and +/- 1 deg. For city Note: readings from left to right should be within 1 degree. Correction: replace ackerman arm

AXLE SETBACK

AXLE PARALLELISM All axles should be perpendicular to the frame and parallel with each other (Steer, drive, and trailer)

The rear axles are what determine the direction the vehicle is going to travel.
Rear axle misalignment result in excessive tire wear on front and rear axles.

Thrust Angle - axles not perpendicular to frame but are parallel to each other.

Tends to push vehicle off course

Driver feels pulling Steer axle tires feather in same direction Drive tires show I/W

Scrub Angle - Axles NOT perpendicular to the frame and not parallel to each other. Constant pull in one direction Need to continually steer against pull Drives scrub as vehicle is forced to go straight Also affects steer tires

Trailer Thrust will cause Dog Tracking

Easily visible in tractor mirrors Effects all tires on tractor and trailer Vehicle wanders

AXLE PARALLELISM IS CORRECTABLE

SOURCES: Uneven axle springs

Broken leaf springs

Worn springs Loose U bolts Bent frame Adjustment of torque rods /axles

Worn torque rod bushings

DRAG LINK ANGLE

Parallel to mid-point of spring mounting +/- 15 degrees upward or downward

EFFECT: Bump steer or directional change - steering stability - no set wear pattern

Four Damage Conditions

Twist Side Sway Sag Diamond

Side Sway
Kenworth says if the frame is bent laterally enough to cause tire wear and handling issues then the frame rails must be replaced. If someone were to try and correct the frame then Side Sway should be corrected first.

SIDE SWAY
Frame is bent to the side.

Sag
Kenworth says that if bent, Frame rails should be replaced- not repaired.
SAG
The frame is bent down in the middle.

If someone were trying to correcting a bent frame rail then Sag would be corrected after side sway and before a Twist or Diamond

Twist
Twist is generally caused by bent cross members. Locate the strongest Cross members (from back of cab to back of frame) they are the ones that usually hold in the twist
Twist normally will show up in the front because of lighter springs but is actually held in the back.

TWIST

The vehicles front end rolls to one side and the rear rolls to the opposite end.

Diamond
Caused by bent Cross members. Occurs most often today when a vehicle is hit directly on the frame rail front or rear or most likely if the vehicle has been towed or pulled on one frame rail.

DIAMOND
One frame rail has moved ahead of the other frame rail.

TRUCK ALIGNMENT
RENTON ASSEMBLY PLANT

ALLWHEELALIGNMENT

CHECK RIDE HEIGHT

ZERO TO FRAME

CHECK PINION ANGLE

LATERAL OFFSET

SWAY BAR BUSHING GAP

CHECK THRUST BUSHINGS

CHECK VEHICLE LEAN

INSTALL HEADS

RUNOUT COMPENSATION

CHECK THRUST ANGLE

PERFORM AXLE SWEEP

CENTER WHEELS AND SET TOE-IN

SET UP TO CHECK REAR AXLE SCRUB

SCRUB ANGLE

CHECK TURNING RADIUS

SET AXLE STOPS

ADJUST BRAKES

CHECK STEEING SHAFT ALIGNMENT