MEL432

Microprocessor Applications In Manufacturing

Control Systems in Automobiles

Submitted By: Rohit Gothwal(2010ME20796) Himanshu Kumar(2010ME20775) Anil Kumar (2010ME20764)

Dileep Kr. Meena(2010ME20773)

ECU:The Brain of your vehicle

ECU stands for electronic control unit. It is a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical system or subsystems in a motor vehicle. A modern ECU contains a 32-bit, 40-MHz processor.

 It collect data from different sensors, it knows everything from the coolant temperature to the amount of oxygen in the exhaust.
With this data, it performs many calculations and decides the best spark timing and determining how long the fuel injector is open. The code in an average ECU takes up less than 1MB of memory. It uses closed-loop control, a control scheme that monitors outputs of a system to control the inputs to a system, managing the emissions and fuel economy of the engine.

ECU COMPONENTS
The processor is packaged in a module with hundreds of components on a multi-layer circuit board. Some of the components in the ECU that support the processor are:

Analog-to-digital converters - These devices read the outputs of the sensors in the car, such as the oxygen sensor. The output of an oxygen sensor is an analog voltage. The processor only understands digital numbers, so the analogto-digital converter changes this voltage into a 10-bit digital number. High-level digital outputs - On many modern cars, the ECU fires the spark plugs, opens and closes the fuel injectors and turns the cooling fan on and off. All of these tasks require digital outputs. A digital output is either on or off, there is no in-between.

 Digital-to-analog converters - Sometimes the ECU has to provide an analog voltage output to drive some engine components. Since the processor on the ECU is a digital device, it needs a component that can convert the digital number into an analog voltage. Signal conditioners - A signal conditioner is a circuit that adjusts the level of the signals coming in or out. For instance, if we applied a signal conditioner that multiplied the voltage coming from the oxygen sensor (0V to 1.1V) by 4, we'd get a 0V to 4.4V signal. Communication chips - These chips implement the various communications standards that are used on cars. This communication standard allows for communication speeds of up to 500 kilobits per second (Kbps).This speed is becoming necessary because some modules communicate data onto the bus hundreds of times per second.

ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION

.

OBJECTIVES

Power Fuel

output performance and smooth operation

efficiency
tuning

Emissions Engine

Driveability

Strict emission standards require precise fuel delivery. Computers used to calculate fuel needs. EFIS is very precise, reliable & cost effective. EFI provide correct A/F ratio for all loads, speeds, & temperature ranges.

TO ACHIEVE OBJECTIVES

CARBURETTOR

FUEL INJECTORS

HOW IT WORKS
ECU control ignition timing and amount of fuel to be injected

SENSORS

MAP(Manifold air pressure) Sensor Throttle Positioning Sensor CAM sensor Crank Sensor Oxygen Sensor

RPM Sensor
Knocking Sensors

Knock Sensor
.

Overview

What is Knock Sensor Micro Controller application in Knock Sensor

What is knocking?

What are Knocks?? - high frequency vibrations caused by detonation, or the premature burning of fuel inside an engine's cylinders

How can it be prevented?

Why do we care?? - Knocks can rob power from the engine and worst, destroy the engine itself. How can we prevent knocking?? lower compression ratio, higher octane fuel, change driving habits or

MICRO-CONTROLLERS

The Sensor

Knock Sensors generate a voltage when vibration is applied to them utilizing the piezoelectric effect Generated voltage is proportional to the acceleration Due to the vibration, a counter weight inside the sensor is applying pressure on the piezo element, this pressure creates an electric charge in the piezo element which is the output signal of the sensor. Tuned to engine knock frequency (typically 6-8kHz)

Location of Knock Sensor

The knock sensor is located on the engine block, cylinder head, or the intake manifold. This is because the function of this sensor is to sense vibrations an engine creates.

The ECU uses this signal to alter the ignition timing and prevent detonation.
It will compare this information with its preset tables to identify an engine knock.

Knock Sensor Circuit

Once signs of detonation are detected (i.e. knocking), the knock sensor sends a voltage signal to the engine management computer which retards the spark timing slightly to avoid detonation.

Benefits

Vehicle engines work more efficiently and produce more power when operating near the detonation limit.

Although simple, knock sensors allow optimum engine performance and protect the engine from potential damage caused by detonation.

Other applications

Rain sensors Anti collision system ABS- Anti lock Braking System

REFERENCES

http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/significantbits/4024611/Motoring-with-microprocessors

http://www.carsdirect.com/used-car-buying/how-a-fuel-injection-ecusystem-works-engine-control-unit
http://www.topspeed.com/cars/automotive-glossary/ecuthe-heart-of-a-carar14214.html

http://www.essortment.com/computer-questions-car-computers-work28983.html