LIGHTING

LIGHTING
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SUBMITTED BY :-
NIFT, NEW DELHI  AMIT KUMAR SINGH
 ANUJ KUMAR
 AMARTO
 AJAD KUMAR PANDEY
 INDEX
 Introduction
 Hazards faced by workers
 Lighting
 Factors on which lighting depends
 Measurement Of Light
 Role of lighting
 Lightings responsible for hazards
 Factors to consider for lighting
 Back ground and colors
 Placement of fixtures
 Finding best place of lighting
 Avoid glare
 Methods to reduce glare
 Recommendations
 Check list for lighting
 Conclusion
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 References
HAZARDS FACED BY WORKERS
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 LIGHTING ?
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LIGHT :-
the agent that stimulates sight and make things visible.

LIGHTING :-
any equipment used for producing light.

TYPES OF LIGHTING :-

NATURAL : - by using natural source as light of sun

ARTIFICAL: - by using artificial light source as bulb,tubelight,etc.

FACTORS ON WHICH LIGHTING DEPENDS
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 Size, color of the workpiece

 distance from the eyes

 lighting intensity

 Contrasts of color and lighting levels with the

background
 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT
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                              measured in LUX using a light meter

General tasks: 500 lux (cutting)

- More detailed work: 750 lux(stitching)

-Very fine work: 1000 lux (stitching complicatd or angular patterns)

 ROLE OF LIGHTING
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 From the workers’ perspective, poor lighting at work can lead to

eye strain, fatigue,

headaches, stress and accidents.

 On the other hand, too much light can also

cause health and safety problems such as “glare”

headaches and stress.

 Both can lead to mistakes at work, poor quality and low productivity.
LIGHTING RESPONSIBLE FOR HAZARDS
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• inadequate lighting from dirty or broken lights;

• inadequate use of natural light;

• dirty windows which block out natural light;

• poorly placed lights so that close work is in shadow;

• too much light from sources without shades;

• lights shining or reflecting directly into workers eyes;

• poor colour design for walls and ceilings.

Look at the dirt and cobwebs on the fluorescent light. The reflector has a layer of dust all
over it. Clearly the light hasn’t been cleaned for a long time. In some factories, workers use
long handled brooms to clean the ventilation ducts and the lights. As we will see, this
method of cleaning can create other health problems.
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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR LIGHTING
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 Availability Of Natural and Artificial Light

 Reduction Of Glare
 Placement of Fixtures
 Worker’s age
 Contrast of color and lighting with Background.

SOURCE : ILO Manual, Improving Working Conditions and Productivity in the Garment Industry,
STANDARD SERVICE ILLUMINATION IN
DIFF. TASK GROUPS

ILO Manual, Improving Working Conditions and Productivity

11 in the Garment Industry
 BACKGROUND AND COLORS
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 Colors used at workplace have psychological effects.

 Walls and ceilings with light, pale, matt colors –avoids reflection of light.

 Color of equipment matched with that of the walls.

 Avoid black, shiny paints.

 PLACEMENT OF FIXTURES
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 Light focus on the work in hand; not directly, or indirectly in to
the workers’ eyes.

 More detailed the task, more light needed.

 Lights position correct so that workers do not have to adopt poor

working postures.

 Uniformly diffused to avoid shadow

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Show typical
lighting in
garment
factories.
FINDING BEST PLACE FOR LIGHTING
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 should focus on the work in hand

and not directly, or indirectly in to the
workers’ eyes.

 more detailed the task, more light

that is needed to carry out the job
efficiently

 should positioned in the correct

place so that workers do not have to
adopt poor working postures to see
the task in hand.
 AVOID GLARE
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GLARE “light in the wrong place”

 from a direct light source or reflected off equipment or shiny surfaces

 cause discomfort, eye strain and fatigue-all of which contribute to an increase in errors, and
a reduction in quality and productivity.

comes in three different kinds:

•Disability glare – can dazzle(loose clear) and impede(block passage) vision, and so may be
a cause of accidents. It is the result of too much light entering the eye directly;

• Discomfort glare – is more common in work situations – it can cause discomfort, strain
and fatigue, especially over long periods. It is caused by direct vision of a bright light source
and background; and

• Reflected glare – is bright light reflected by shiny surfaces into the field of vision.
 METHODS TO REDUCE GLARE
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 To reduce glare from windows:

• Use blinds, curtains, louvers, or shades;
• Replace clear glass with opaque/translucent materials – paint glass with
whitewash;
• Change the layout of workstations.

 To reduce glare from lamps:

• Ensure that no naked lights are in direct view of workers;
• Raise the light fittings (if suspended) providing this does not reduce the overall
level of lighting;
• Use shades or shields but ensure that the work area is well lighted.

 To reduce reflected glare:

• Change position of the light source and reduce its brightness;
• Cover reflecting surfaces with opaque, non-glossy materials;
• Change the layout of the workstations.
 RECOMMENDATIONS
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 Minimum lighting level of 400 lx for all the three

sections.

 For sewing operations, additional task lighting for

optimum needlepoint visibility.

 Lighting in the sewing section is to be planned

functionally

 lights should be fixed at appropriate points to ensure

optimum lighting at the work site.

 Recommended window area equal to at least one-

sixth of the floor area.

 artificial lighting should be available all the time as

daylight varies with the season and time of the day.
 CHECK LIST FOR LIGHTING
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 Is there good general illumination (without glare) throughout the factory?

 Is there regular cleaning and maintenance of lights and windows?

 Where necessary, are windows or skylights whitewashed or shaded to avoid glare?

 Is there local lighting for close work to reduce eye strain and fatigue?

Are "flickering" fluorescent tubes replaced as soon as possible?

 Are the walls and ceilings painted in light colours and kept
clean?

 Is there adequate emergency lighting in all areas?

 Are outside areas satisfactorily lit for work and access

during hours of darkness for security as well as safety?
 CONCLUSION
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 MAKE FULL USE OF DAYLIGHT IN THE FACTORY;

 CHOOSE APPROPRIATE VISUAL BACKGROUNDS FOR WALLS, CEILINGS

ETC;

 FIND THE BEST PLACE FOR THE LIGHT SOURCE TO AVOID GLARE ETC;

 USE THE MOST APPROPRIATE LIGHTING DEVICES AND FIXTURES;

 AVOID SHADOWS;

 ENSURE REGULAR CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE.

 REFERENCES
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• Temperature, Ventilation, Noise and Lighting _OSH manual. PDF file

• General workplace conditions _OSH manual. PDF file

• www.betterfactories.org

• ergonomics_handbook

• ILO Manual, Improving Working Conditions and Productivity in the Garment Industry
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