BIOFISIKA NEURON

(Biophysics of Neuron)
H Aqsa Sjuhada
Building DR-G Dept of Physiology, Airlangga University Tel. (031) 71200 999 E-mail. draqsas@yahoo.ca

CHAPTER 1

Transmembrane regulation Biology of the Neuron

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BODY LIQUID Total : 60% Intracellular: 40% Extracell: 20% (kecuali cair serebrospinal, cairan sendi, cairan saliva) - cairan interstitial 15% - cairan plasma 5% - cairan sel darah - cairan intra vaskuler
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TRANSPORT BAHAN
PASSIVE TRANSPORT - osmosis - diffusion - filtration -solvent drag ACTIVE TRANSPORT 1. primary 2. secondary - bulk transport - exocytosis - endocytosis - phagocytosis - pinocytosis

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CELLULAR ENERGY PROCESS

ACTIVE TRANSPORT required

PASSIVE TRANSPORT not required, only kinetic energy

physics

physiology biology

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DIFFUSION

Particle movement Simple diffusion : O2, CO2, alcohol Facilitated diffusion : glucose, amine acid

OSMOSIS

Liquid movement Hypotonic - Hypertonic

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MACAM

GERAKAN DARI

ARAH GERAKAN

PLASMA CARRIER MEMBRAN SYSTEM

ENERGY CELLULAR

Osmosis Solvent Diffusi Active Transp Solut Solut

CC CC CC

SP +/SP

Tidak Tidak Ada

Tidak Tidak Ada

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 SEL

EKSITABEL

Sel yg mampu menimbulkan / menjalankan impuls elektrokimia sepanjang membran plasmanya. Sel saraf, sel otot, sel kelenjar

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MEMBRAN PLASMA
STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI MEMBRAN PLASMA Lemak dynamic mozaic design / lipid bilayer 42% Protein 55% Karbohidrat 3%

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SIFAT - Elastis tipis, ketebalan 6-10nm FUNGSI - Physical isolation - Regulation of exchange with the environment --nutrition, ion - Sensitivity --- receptor function - Structural support JENIS - Impermeable - Semi permeable - Selective permeable
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PROTEIN
Sebagian besar glicoprotein Protein integral / protein perifer, fungsinya: membatasi pergerakan membran plasma sebagai channel carrier system enzyme receptor Karbohidrat; berada di luar berikatan dg glicoprotein maupun lipid bilayer, fungsi: sebagai indikator sel.
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NEURON
= Sel saraf

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A Typical Neuron Overview

Dentrites Cell Body Axon Terminal

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Diverse Neuron Forms and Functions

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Metabolism and Synthesis in a Neuron

Cell body site of energy generation and synthesis Axonal transport

Vesicles
Fast axonal transport to terminal Retrograde to cell body

Electrical depolarizations

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Metabolism and Synthesis in a Neuron

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Glial Cell Functions

Support neuron bodies, form myelin sheaths Barriers between compartments Scavenger/defense & metabolic assistance

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Glial Cell Functions

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Electrical Signals: Ionic Concentrations and Potentials

Nernst & GHK Equations predict

Membrane potential Cell concentration gradients

[Na+, Cl- & Ca2+] higher in ECF [K+] higher ICF

Depolarization causes electrical signal Gated channels control permeability

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Electrical Signals: Ionic Concentrations and Potentials

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CHAPTER 2
Membrane Potential Action Potential Synaptic Transmission

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Basic Concepts

Volt

A charge difference between two points in space

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Basic Concepts

Ions charged particles Anions Negatively charged particles Cations Positively charged particles

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Basic Concepts Forces that determine ionic movement

Electrostatic forces

Opposite charges attract, Identical charges repel Diffusion movement of ions through semipermeable membrane Osmosis movement of water from region of high concentration to low Gravity forces upon osmosis

Concentration forces

Hydrostatic Forces

The combination of these forces leads to dynamic equilibrium in the cellular environment
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Basic Concepts The selective permeability of membranes

Neuronal membranes Hydrophobic lipid bilayer

Two fatty layers separated by protein

Gated ion channels Nongated ion channels

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Forces
that determine the movement of ions

Diffusion Osmosis Electrostatic Forces Hydrostatic Forces

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Selective Permeability of Membranes

Some ions permitted to cross more easily than others Neuronal membranes contain ion channels

Protein tubes that span the membrane Some stay open all the time (nongated) Some open on the occasion of an action potential, causing a change in the permeability of the membrane (gated)

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Membrane Resting Potential

The electrochemical state of the neuron at rest Cells ability to fire an action potential is due to the cells ability to maintain the cellular resting potential at approximately 70 mV (-.07 volt)

The basic signaling properties of neurons are determined by changes in the resting potential
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Membrane Resting Potential

Every neuron has a separation of electrical charge across its cell membrane. The membrane potential results from a separation of Biofisika Neuron positive and negative charges across the cell membrane. 35

Membrane Resting Potential

excess of positive charges outside and negative charges inside the membrane maintained because the lipid bilayer acts as a barrier to the diffusion of ions

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gives rise to an electrical potential difference, which ranges from about 60 to 70 mV. 36

Membrane Resting Potential

A reduction of the charge separation is called depolarization; An increase in charge separation is called hyperpolarization

The charge separation across the membrane, and therefore the resting membrane potential, is disturbed whenever there is a net flux of ions into or out of the cell.

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Besar RMP 70 mV Artinya ? Potensial elektriks di dalam membran sel lebih negatif dibandingkan di luar membran sel sebesar 70mV

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POTENSIAL MEMBRAN Perbedaan muatan listrik di luar dan di dalam membran sel RMP =Resting Membran Potential =Potensial Membran Istirahat Berbedaan muatan listrik di luar dan di dalam membran sel dalam keadaan tidak ada aktivitas elektris.
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Ion Channels

A class of integral proteins that span the cell membrane Permit Transient current flow Facilitate Depolarization, Hyperpolarization
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Ion Channels
Two Types of Ion Channels 1. Gated 2. Non-Gated

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Ion Channels

Recognize and select among specific ions The distribution of ionic species across the membrane depends on the particular distribution of ion channels in the cell membrane.

Ionic species are not distributed equally on the two sides of a nerve membrane

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Resting Membrane Potential

Na+ and Cl- are more concentrated outside the cell K+ and organic anions (organic acids and proteins) are more concentrated inside. The overall effect of this ionic distribution is the resting potential

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Resting Membrane Potential

Chloride ions,
concentrated outside the cell tend to move inward down their concentration gradient through nongated chloride channels But the relative excess of negative charge inside the membrane tend to push chloride ions back out of the cell

Two forces acting on a given ionic species Chemical forces tend to drive ions down their concentration gradients Biofisika Neuron

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Resting Membrane Potential

The same mechanisms operate on potassium

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Resting Membrane Potential

Na is more concentrated outside than inside and therefore tends to flow into the cell down its concentration gradient
Na is driven into the cell by the electrical potential difference across the membrane.

But what about sodium?

Electrostatic and Chemical forces act together on Na ions to drive them into the cell
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Resting Membrane Potential

Electrostatic and Chemical forces act together on Na ions to drive them into the cell

this process cannot be allowed to continue unopposed Otherwise, the K pool would be depleted, intracellular Na would increase, and the ionic gradients would gradually run down, reducing the resting membrane potential. Biofisika Neuron

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The Sodium-Potassium Pump

extrudes Na from the cell while taking in K

Dissipation of ionic gradients is ultimately prevented by Na-K pumps

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The Sodium-Potassium Pump

The energy necessary for this process is obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP (an energy carrying molecule)

Because the pump moves Na and K against their net electrochemical gradients, energy is required to drive these actively transported fluxes. Chloride pumps also that actively transport chloride ions toward the outside assure that the extra- to intracellular Cl concentration is greater than what would result from passive diffusion alone.

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RANGSANGAN
Adekuat Mencapai threshold Tidak adekuat Tidak mencapai threshold

POTENSIAL AKSI
Dirambatkan ke segala arah Hukum ALL OR NONE

LOCAL POTENTIAL
Tidak dirambatkan Sumasi

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Action Potential

The basic unit of conduction in the nervous system This change or overshoot is called the Action Potential Characteristic of axons Non-decremental conduction

all-or-none law

TUGAS : BUAT DEFINISI SENDIRI

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Action Potential Sequence

Involves the action of voltage-gated channels Exchanges of ions in and out of the cell
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Action Potential Stages: Overview

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ANIMASI ACTION POTENTIAL

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Action Potential
Sequence

Saluran Na+ terbuka, terjadilah fast natrium influx, depolarisasi.

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Action Potential
Sequence

Pada keadaan +40 mV, saluran Na+ menutup, tetapi saluran K+ sekarang terbuka, menyebabkan pengeluaran ion K+ (gradien konsentrasi), menyebabkan penurunan gradien elektris.
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Action Potential
Sequence
Saluran K+ menutup, terjadilah akumulasi ion K+ di ekstrasel. Hal ini menyebabkan depolarisasi, sedemikian rupa sehingga terjadi undershoot pada akhir action potential

Equilibrium membran potential dikembalikan

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Action Potential
Sequence

Na+-K+ pump (pompa Na+-K+) berfungsi mengembalikan keadaan serupa, yaitu RMP.
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Membrane & Channel Changes during an Action Potential

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Refractory Period

Two types Absolute

When Na+ channels close, at peak of AP, they do not reopen for a time

Relative
Membrane hyperpolarized Some Na+ channels still refractory

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Propagation of the Action Potential

Action Potential spreads down the axon in a chain reaction Unidirectional

it does not spread into the cell body and dendrite due to absence of voltage-gated channels there Refraction prevents spread back across axon

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Propagation of the Action Potential

Speed of propagation varies with the axon diameter Faster with larger axons In large axons of mammals
5m/second 2um axons 20m/second in 20um axons

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Propagation of the Action Potential

Speed of propagation also assisted by the myelin sheath

Provides resistance to AP

Regular gaps in the myelin sheath (1mm intervals)

Nodes of Ranvier Increase conduction speed up to 15 times

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