Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Environmental Health
Health: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Disease: Deleterious change in bodys condition in response to environmental factor. Environmental Health: Focuses on the external factors that cause disease, including natural, social, biological and chemical agents
Cultural Risk
Cultural Risks: These include unsafe living, lifestyle, and working conditions, Examples include - Smoking, - Alcohol - Poor diet - Driving
Physical Risk
Physical Risks: These result from ionizing radiation, fires, drought, tornadoes, and hurricanes, floods, etc. Earthquakes: caused by plates moving past each other Volcanoes: Result when molten magma is released. e.g. Mt. St. Helen (1980). Killed 57 people
Biological Risk
Biological Risks: These are caused by diseases causing bacteria, viruses, parasites etc
Biological Risk
Transmissible; Caused by living organisms which are passed from one person to another.
Infectious agents can be spread by air, water food, body fluids etc. Non-human carriers-Vectors
Biological Hazard
Worlds Most Deadly include: Acute Respiratory Infections-about 4.3 killed annually Diarrheal diseases- about 3.2 M killed Tuberculosis- about 3M killed Malaria -about 2M Hepatitis-B (1-2 M), AIDS(600,000)
Biological Risks
Non-Transmissible: Not spread from one person to another. Includes cardiovascular disorders, most cancers, bronchitis, diabetes Emergent Diseases: Disease not previously known or absent for about 20 years. Examples include SARS, HIV/AIDS, Avian Flu, West Nile virus.
Biological Risks
Ecological Diseases: Diseases which affect mostly wildlife , domestic animals and plants. Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) CWD is spreading and killing deer and elk in N. America It is caused by a protein called prion
Biological Risks
CWD is a member of a family of irreversible, degenerative diseases known as Transmissible Spongifrom Encephalopathies (TSE). TSE also include mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep and Creutzfelt-Jacob disease in humans
Biological Risks
Sudden Oak Death Syndrome (SODS): A diseases caused by a fungus Phytopthora rumorum which is killing oak trees in California s an example of an ecological disease affecting trees. Black band Disease is another example killing corals- caused by algae (Phormidium corallyticum).
Chemical Hazard
Types include 1. Hazardous Chemicals: These are classified as chemicals which are flammable, acids, oxidizers, corrosive etc.
Chemical Hazard
2. Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals which are fatal to over 50% of test animals at given concentrations, e.g. Potassium cyanide, chlorinated hydrocarbons, toluene, xylene Many are neurotoxins. Neurotoxins are special class of metabolic poisons that attack nerve cells.
Chemical Hazard
Types include most pesticides, heavy metals, anesthetics About 850 compounds recognized as neurotoxins. 3. Mutagens: Cause Mutation or damage DNA in cells. Include certain chemicals, radiations
Chemical Hazards
4. Teratogens. Causes birth defects e.g. alcohol, thalidomide. 5. Carcinogens: Cancer causing chemicals, e.g. some pesticides, nicotine. 6. Allergens: Substances that activate the immune system, e.g. fomaldehyde
1. 2. 3. 4.
Agriculture:Fertilizes, Pesticides Industries: Organics, Heavy Metals Construction: Sediments Domestic Activities:Sewage, Solid wastes
1. Soil
2. Air 3. Water 4. Food
1.
vs. Non-degradable
3.
Measuring Toxicity
Toxicology: Study of the adverse effects on health caused by chemicals. Toxicity: Measure of how harmful a chemical is.
Measuring Toxicity
Determining Effect of Toxic Chemicals. 1. Case Reports-usually made by physicians. 2. Laboratory Investigations-usually uses lab animals. 3. Epidemiology-Study of patterns of disease or toxicity to find out why people got sick.
Measuring Toxicity
Animal Testing Dose/Response Relationships - Paracelsus: The Dose makes the poison
Measuring Toxicity
Toxicity ratings: Group chemicals based on their relative toxicity Acute Exposure- Single dose
Acute Effect: Immediate or rapid reaction to and exposure Chronic Exposure: Over entire lifetime
Measuring Toxicity
Subchronic: Repeated exposure for some fraction of a lifetime. Chronic Effect: Long-lasting Consequence Detection Limits Standards
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk
analysis: Identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks. Risk Assessment: Evaluating risks associated with hazards Risk management: Making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks
RISK Assessment
1. Determining Type of risk 2. Estimating probability of risk 3. Estimating level or frequency of exposure
Environmental LAWS
1.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Act 2. FIFRA: Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act 3. FFDCA; Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
Environmental LAWS
3.
CWA: Clean Water Act CAA: Clean Air Act RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
4.
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