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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

Alice T. Valerio, Ph. D.


De La Salle University-Dasmarinas Dasmarinas City, Cavite, Philippines alicevalerio@yahoo.com

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How should you state your objectives


The objectives of your study: Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence; Are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly what you are going to do, where, and for what purpose; Are realistic considering local conditions; and Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated.

Examples of action verbs are: to determine, to compare, to verify, to calculate, to describe, to assess, to ascertain, to establish, to derive, to analyze, to identify, etc... Avoid the use of vague non-action verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, to appreciate, to motivate, or to study.

Objectives of the Study

Hint!: Always give an overall objective before giving specific objectives. This will help you explain much more clearly to your reader what your work aimed to accomplish.

Objectives of the Study


A good objective should be:
Consistent with the title and must fit into the problem statement Simple and as specific as possible Attainable/achievable under reasonable condition Able to include major variables Clearly and logically presented

SMART

Objectives of the Study

Specific objectives are statements of the research question(s).


Objectives should be simple (not complex), specific (not vague), and stated in advance (not after the research is done).

Criteria in Formulating Research Objectives


Objectives must be stated in declarative form Specific variables to be investigated must be written clearly Concepts to be studied must be measurable The scope of the study must be attainable Each statement must be related to the problem The relationships and patterns to be tested must be specified

Broad research objectives

Statement of business problem

Specific Objective 1

Specific Objective 2

Specific Objective 3

Research Design

Results

Objectives of the Study


Introduction Review of Literature Conceptual Framework

General Objective To identify mismatch in skills of semiconductor manufacturing technicians by comparing the semiconductor management expectations of graduate skills with students perceptions of the skills that semiconductor managers valued.

Methodology
Results and Discussions Conclusion and Recommendations

Objectives of the Study

Introduction Review of Literature Conceptual Framework Methodology Results and Discussions Conclusion and Recommendations

Specific Objectives To describe the profile of the respondents; To define skill standards for entry-level semiconductor manufacturing technicians focused on skills needed in the first six months on the job;

To determine the management expectations and students perceptions in terms of delivering the skill sets needed in semiconductor manufacturing;
To compare the semiconductor managers expectations of technology graduate skills with students perceptions of the skills that semiconductor managers valued; and To derive implications related to the policies of technical schools and semiconductor companies in meeting the specialized skills of semiconductor manufacturing

Objectives of the Study


The study generally endeavors to identify the effect of human capital and competencies on the capability development of young entrepreneurs in Cavite and at the same time to identify the effect of capability development on their entrepreneurial success. Specifically, this study aims: 1. To describe the sociodemographic profile of young entrepreneurs; 2. To determine the management experiences of young entrepreneurs;

Objectives of the Study


Bad Examples: 1. To conduct a financial statement analysis of spa services. 2. To make a survey of customers preferences in choosing bathroom fixtures. 3. To estimate the competitive behavior of the semiconductor companies.

Objectives of the Study


Objectives which are too ambitious and unmanageable: Title: Status of Telecommunications Industry in the Philippines To increase the sales and market power of the telecommunications industry. Title: Socioeconomic Status of Urban Hawkers in Cavite

To increase the income and productivity of the urban hawkers for improved quality of family life.

Objectives of the Study


Not research objectives but statement of procedures or strategies Title: Willingness to Pay for the Establishment of Websites in Private Schools in Cavite To provide management information for centralized decision-making in the school. To provide guidelines for policy planning and technical planning for school resource allocation.

Objectives of the Study


Objectives which are not consistent or not related to the title: Title: Effect of Advertising Costs and Strategies on the Sales of Beverages To describe the historical background of beverage industry in the Philippines To determine the consumers preferences for beverages To derive policy recommendations on the pricing mechanism of beverage industry

Hypotheses of the Study

Hypothesis of the Study


A HYPOTHESIS is a prediction of a relationship between one or more factors and the problem under study that can be tested.
What are the expected relationships/effects between and among variables?

Hypothesis of the Study


An unproven proposition A possible solution to a problem Guess

Hypothesis of the Study


A tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions raised at the beginning of the investigation Supposition of an occurrence of an event that can be tested An educated guess about the answer to a specific question which can be proven empirically

Hypothesis of the Study


Simple vs. complex Nondirectional vs. directional Causal vs. associative Research vs. statistical (null)

Simple vs. Complex Simple: two variables Complex hypothesis: more than two variables Causal vs. Associative Causal Cause and effect Researcher controlled Associative Relationship between variables

Nondirectional Hypothesis Attitudes of pediatric nurses toward mentally retarded clients are related to number of years
in practice.

Research (Alternative) vs. Statistical (Null) Hypothesis Research hypothesis: states what researcher thinks is true Statistical (null) hypothesis: states that no difference or relationship exists

Null, Inductive or Nondirectional


there is no stated direction stated in the negative manner

Ex. a) There is no significant difference between the productivity of men and women in manufacturing companies b) There is no relationship between price of mines and stock returns.

Research hypothesis
Cancer patients with chronic pain who listen to music with positive suggestions of pain reduction have less reported pain than those who do not listen to music.

Operational, Alternative, Deductive or Directional Stated in the affirmative manner There is a stated direction Ex. a) There is a significant difference between sales of Shakeys and Pizza Hut b) Advertising cost (X) has a positive effect on sales (Y)

Hypothesis of the Study


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There is a positive relationship between the MBA students competency and years of industry experience. ??? There is no difference between attitudes of men and women toward running a microenterprise.

Hypothesis can follow a format that can be categorized as:

Descriptive - declarative proposition that predicts the existence, size, form and distribution of variables, or characterizes what is typical in a group. Example: Ho: The effectiveness of TV advertisement is 60%

Ha: The effectiveness of TV advertisement is > 60%

Hypothesis Formats
Descriptive Hypothesis Research Question What is the market In Manila, our Oishi products share for our Oishi market share products in Manila? stands at 13.7%. The Philippine Are Philippine cities are cities experiencing experiencing budget difficulties? budget difficulties.

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Hypothesis can follow a format that can be categorized as:


Explanatory/causal format states that the existence of, or change in one or more variables leads to an effect on the other variable Example: Ho: Tastes and preferences of the consumers household has no effect on consumption expenditures Ha: Tastes and preferences of the consumers has a positive effect on consumption expenditures

Hypothesis can follow a format that can be categorized as:


Relational format statement of conjecture expressing directional or nondirectional relationships such as existence of difference or correlations Examples: Ho: There is no relationship between the number of product lines and extent of outsourcing Ha: There is a relationship between the number of product lines and extent of outsourcing Ho: The organizational culture has no relationship with the job performance and job satisfaction of employees Ha: The organizational culture has a relationship with the job performance and job satisfaction of employees

Relational Hypotheses
Correlational Young women (under 35) purchase fewer units of our product than women who are older than 35. The number of suits sold varies directly with the level of the business cycle. Causal An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income saved. Loyalty to a grocery store increases the probability of purchasing that stores private brand products.
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Characteristics of Strong Hypotheses

Adequate A Strong Hypothesis Is Testable


Consistent with the theory/previous findings State the relationships between variables

Guidelines in the Formulation of the Hypothesis

Hypotheses have to be explicit Expressed in comparative, correlational, and causal/relational researches The subproblems or specific questions raised before the start of the investigation and stated under the statement of the problem served as the hypotheses

Hypothesis of the Study


1. The capability development of young entrepreneurs is positively affected by:
a) Current age; b) Age at the start of the business; c) Educational attainment; d) Length of business existence; e) Management experiences; f) Training and development programs; and g) Starting capital;

Chapter 1: Introduction

Hypothesis of the Study


Introduction

Review of Literature

It is hypothesized that there is a Conceptual significant difference between Framework semiconductor managers expectations Methodology of technology graduate skills and Results and Discussions students perceptions of the skills that Conclusion and semiconductor managers valued. Recommendations

Significance of the Study

Significance of the Study


Why is this research important? Who will benefit? Why do we need to know this? Why does this situation, method, model or piece of equipment need to be improved? (Rationale) Indicating benefits of current research: Indicating the benefits of the research helps to justify why it was carried out and emphasizes the value of the study.

Significance of the Study


The significance of the study answers the questions:
Why is your study important? To whom is it important? What benefit(s) will occur if your study is done?

Significance of the Study


Argument that your topic has a certain level of significance that warrants its study Justifies the worth or the value of the study especially if there is a careful formulation and presentation of the implications or possible applications of results to various individuals, groups or sectors knowledge and how these will solve business problem. Should identify the audience for the study and how the results will be beneficial to them. The long-term uses of this research, including the contributions to the existing pool of knowledge.

BENEFITS TO VARIOUS END-USERS

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL Researchers Students Employees Managers Entrepreneurs

ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL Firms Industry Associations Schools Funding Agencies

OTHERS Government Communities Consumers Suppliers Investors

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Scope borders, coverage and extent of the study

defines where and when the study was conducted and who the subjects were. sets the delimitations and establishes the boundaries of the study

Delimitations
boundaries beyond which the study is not concerned

Scope and Limitations of the Study

Limitation
tells the weaknesses of the study those conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place restrictions on the conclusions of the study and their application to other situations phases or aspects of the investigation which may affect the result adversely but over which the researcher has no control It is like a disclaimer for the research: it tells the reader what you could not investigate, what problems hindered you on the way...

Scope and Limitations of the Study


Indicates study coverage with concrete reference to: Variables Sources of data Methods to be employed in data collection Time frame Constraints that might be encountered in the conduct of the investigation such as nonavailability of data, uncooperativeness of respondents, inability of the respondents to recall accurate responses, and confidentiality of some information

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