Dr.

Reema Chaudhury

Derived from the Latin word communicare or communico

which means to share.

Communication is a message understood. Communication is social interaction through messages. Communication is sharing of experience.

Communication

Sharing information Two or more people Common understanding

Object Situation

Communication medium Encoding Decoding Feedback

Encoded Message

Sent Message

Received Message

Communication Medium (e.g., verbal, face-toface, or e-mail)

Receiver

Sender

Received Feedback

Feedback

Decoded Message

Adapted from Exhibit 9-1: Sent Message

Growth
Complexity Competitiveness Harmony Understanding and cooperation

Advising Counseling Giving orders Providing instructions Marketing Persuasion Raising morale Projecting image Preparing advertisement Making decision Getting feedback

communication

verbal

Non-verbal

Formal

Informal

Kinesic

Downward

Lateral

Upward

Diagonal

Grapevine

Through signs & symbols. Non-verbal can go without verbal communication. Verbal cant go without non-verbal communication.

Two types of verbal communication. (1) formal communication. (2) informal communication.

We use this type of communication in offices and social gathering. Two types of formal communication. (1) Downward (2) Upward

Higher designation to lower designation. Ex. Boss ordered his worker. Here effect of this type of communication is very much than upward communication.

Lower designation to higher designation. Ex. Worker request to his boss. Here the effect of communication is less than downward communication.

We use this type of communication with our family or friends. Three types of informal communication. (1) lateral (2) diagonal (3) grapevine

Found among members working at the same level. Ex. Peer group. Most effective form of communication. Barrier of subordinates or boss is not present here.

The path is mixture of vertical and horizontal movement. In large communications various departments need communication support from each other.

Also called as backbiting or backstabbing. A backstabber is a colleague or an employee who acts like a friend in public but badmouth you in private.

Communication message

Communication barriers

True understanding

Organizational Barriers
Information overload Noise

Individual Barriers
Differing perceptions Semantic differences

Time pressures
Network breakdowns Information distortion Cross-cultural barriers

Status differences
Consideration of selfinterest Personal space

Poor listening skills

Exhibit 9-3 Communication Eye contact Time orientation

Cultural Communication Differences In the United States Direct PunctualTime is Money Elsewhere In many Asian Countries, extended eye contact is unacceptable. Asian and Latin American cultures have longer time horizons; resolving issues is more important than being on time. Many Asian cultures view being direct as rude and aggressive. Many other cultures (e.g., Asian, Russian) find this rude.

Answering questions Direct and factual Self-presentation Self-promotion rewarded

Posture
Indicating no

Open body posture (e.g., arms relaxed)

Shaking ones head from side to side

In Japan, a closed body posture is preferred (e.g., crossed arms and legs)
In Bulgaria, the no signal means Im listening, rather than I disagree.

Adapted from Exhibit 9-3: Cultural Communication Differences

Aspects of or conditions in a workplace that interfere with effective exchange of ideas or thoughts. Such barriers include
(1) status differences (2) gender differences (3) cultural differences (4) prejudices (5) the organizational environment

PYHISICAL BARRIERS
ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS CULTURAL BARRIERS LANGUAGE BARRIERS CHANNEL BARRIERS INTERPERSONAL BARRIERS INDIVIDUAL BARRIERS

ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS
LISTENING BARRIERS BARRIERS WHILE SPEAKING

Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment. Physical Organizational Barrier includes internal and external environment like : large working areas physically separated from others poor lighting staff shortage outdated equipments background noise

Poor organizational culture, climate Stringent rules and regulations Status and relationship Complexity Inadequate facilities/ opportunities of growth and improvement

Age and gender Education and cultural background Social status and economic position Temperament Health and beauty Popularity Religion Political belief Ethics, values, motives Assumptions Aspirations Rules and regulations, Standards and priorities

Different languages, vocabulary, accents, dialects represent

national/ regional barriers.

Semantic gaps are words having similar pronunciation but multiple meanings.

Badly expressed message, wrong interpretation and unqualified assumptions.

The use of difficult or inappropriate words/ poorly explained or misunderstood messages can result in confusion.

If the length of the communication is long, or the medium selected is inappropriate, the communication might break up It can also be a result of the inter-personal conflicts between the sender and receiver Lack of interest to communicate Information sharing or access problems which can hamper the channel and affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness.

Lack of Trust Lack of Knowledge of non-verbal communication Wish to capture authority Fear of losing power of control Lack of Motivation Lack of co-operation, fear of penalty and poor relationship

Individual's perceptual and personal discomfort. Two individuals mental perception may/may not be identical Style Selective perception Halo effect Poor attention and retention Defensiveness Close mindedness Insufficient filtration

It comes about as a result of problems with staff in the organization. Limitation in physical and mental ability, intelligence, understanding, pre-conceived notions, and distrusted source divides the attention and create a mechanical barrier which affects the attitude and opinion.

Interrupting the speaker Not maintaining eye contact with the speaker Rushing the speaker to complete what he/she has to say Making the speaker feel as though he/she is wasting the listener's time Being distracted by something that is not part of the on-going communication Getting ahead of the speaker and completing his/her thoughts Ignoring the speaker's requests Asking too many questions, for the sake of probing

Unclear messages Lack of consistency in the communication process Incomplete sentences Not understanding the receiver Not seeking clarifications while communicating

Thank You.