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El proceso de valoracin
Paso 1 Identificacin de la relacin de causa efecto
La degradacin ambiental es importante por sus efectos en: (1) produccin; (2) salud humana; (3) calidad del entorno Conocimientos requeridos: ingeniera, biologa, qumica, ciencias sociales, Expresa los impactos ambientales usando una unidad de medida nica. Esto facilita la toma de decisiones Conocimientos requeridos: economa, estadstica,
El proceso de valoracin
Mejora ambiental
Estimacin de impactos (cientifico)
Funcion de dosis-respuesta
Cambios en produccin
Cambios en la salud
Cambios en el entorno
Capital humano
Coste de oportunidad
Precios hednicos
Valoracin contingente
Costos medicos
Costo de reemplazo
Costo de viaje
Ranqueo contingente
Acciones preventivas
A
P*
C
Q* Cantidad de servicio ambiental
Al precio p*, la DAP total es el rea debajo de la curva de demanda (A+B) El rea encima de la lnea de precio es el surplus del consumidor (A) Valoracin econmica mide la DAP total
Caractersticas fsicas
Tamao Nro. habitaciones
Caractersticas ambientales
Vista hacia el Avila Calidad de aire
Tamano de la residencia
Tamano de la residencia
Q0
Q1
Aire limpio
Los mercados funcionan bien y no estn segmentados Los individuos perciben las diferencias en la calidad ambiental
2 es el precio implicito del aire limpio 2 nos dice cuanto varia el precio residencial cuando la calidad del aire varia en forma marginal, dejando lo dems constante
Disposicin al pago
Q0 Q1
Aire limpio
EAST
SOUTH-EAST
2. Los datos
Costa norte (zona 1) Costa este (zona 2) Costa sur-este (zona 3) Entrevista telefonica, Agosto 2003
3. Estimacion
La funcion hedonica
Modelo log-linear 5 modelos distintos
3 modelos para todas las zonas 2 modelos separados para la costa norte y este
VARIABLES LOGDOUBLEHIGH LOGDOUBLELOW C ZONE1 ZONE2 ZONE3 AIRPORTKM DISTKM DISTURBANKM POPDENSITY ROOMDENSITY STAR YEAR AQUAPARK CASINO DISCO GOLF SPA TENNIS GARBEVERY1 SMELL
DESCRIPTION Log of double room price during high season (dependent variable) Log of double room price during low season (dependent variable) Constant Hotel is in the North coast (dummy) Hotel is in the East coast (dummy) Hotel is in the South-East coast (dummy) Distance from airport (Km) Distance from beach (Km) Distance from urban center (Km) Population density in the region Number of rooms per km2 of the beach Star grading Year hotel was built Hotel has aquapark (dummy) Hotel has casino (dummy) Hotel has a discoteque (dummy) Hotel has a golf course (dummy) Hotel has a spa (dummy) Hotel has tennis courts (dummy) Garbage is collected every day (dummy) It is possible to notice smell of effluents and solid waste (dummy) It is possible to observe occasional accumulation of solid waste in beach (dummy) Hotel has a sewage treatment plant (dummy) Hotel is connected to municipal water service (dummy)
EXPECTED SIGN
TYPE OF VARIABLE
SWASTEBEACH
Environmental characteristics
SEWTREAT WATERMUN
+ +
Sample(adjusted): 1 82 Included observations: 50 Excluded observations: 32 after adjusting endpoints Variable C ZONE1 ZONE2 AIRPORTKM DISTKM DISTURBANKM POPDENSITY ROOMDENSITY STAR YEAR AQUAPARK CASINO DISCO GOLF SPA TENNIS GARBEVERY1 SMELL SWASTEBEACH SEWTREAT WATERMUN Coefficient -16.59560 0.606015 0.558709 -0.018337 -0.000372 0.005568 -0.000736 -0.002257 0.330712 0.010530 0.096129 0.452520 -0.234264 -0.193345 0.268347 0.231997 -1.180330 -1.178291 -0.066512 -0.207572 0.136885 0.739331 0.559559 0.378790 4.160966 -8.790031 2.412859 Std. Error 20.57721 0.230059 0.330301 0.005129 0.000204 0.004450 0.001239 0.001544 0.146156 0.010435 0.183088 0.156752 0.194029 0.171235 0.181786 0.266839 0.678043 0.548826 0.173256 0.157697 0.191745 t-Statistic -0.806504 2.634173 1.691515 -3.575358 -1.825781 1.251194 -0.593926 -1.461881 2.262732 1.009072 0.525045 2.886844 -1.207365 -1.129118 1.476166 0.869430 -1.740789 -2.146931 -0.383895 -1.316267 0.713893 Prob. 0.4265 0.0134 0.1015 0.0012 0.0782 0.2209 0.5572 0.1545 0.0313 0.3213 0.6035 0.0073 0.2370 0.2681 0.1507 0.3918 0.0923 0.0403 0.7039 0.1984 0.4810 4.140059 0.570761 1.191601 1.994651 4.112602 0.000291
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood Durbin-Watson stat
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
Sample(adjusted): 1 82 Included observations: 50 Excluded observations: 32 after adjusting endpoints Variable C ZONE1 ZONE2 AIRPORTKM DISTKM DISTURBANKM POPDENSITY ROOMDENSITY STAR YEAR AQUAPARK CASINO DISCO GOLF SPA TENNIS GARBEVERY1 SMELL SWASTEBEACH SEWTREAT WATERMUN Coefficient -13.52369 0.427830 0.708582 -0.013473 -0.000321 0.003773 -0.001069 -0.003041 0.256115 0.008776 0.118665 0.377530 -0.344748 -0.011932 0.063554 0.314210 -0.487123 -1.154998 -0.053327 -0.142813 0.288793 0.709708 0.509506 0.368217 3.931929 -7.374608 2.157457 Std. Error 19.21826 0.228793 0.320837 0.004760 0.000198 0.004344 0.001210 0.001465 0.159126 0.009753 0.173541 0.165711 0.191443 0.171952 0.173147 0.259461 0.646453 0.536406 0.168177 0.156840 0.177625 t-Statistic -0.703689 1.869948 2.208540 -2.830715 -1.626696 0.868557 -0.883068 -2.075138 1.609507 0.899798 0.683785 2.278239 -1.800784 -0.069390 0.367053 1.211013 -0.753533 -2.153216 -0.317088 -0.910568 1.625861 Prob. 0.4872 0.0716 0.0353 0.0084 0.1146 0.3922 0.3845 0.0470 0.1183 0.3756 0.4995 0.0303 0.0821 0.9452 0.7162 0.2357 0.4572 0.0398 0.7534 0.3700 0.1148 4.007057 0.525759 1.134984 1.938034 3.544963 0.000996
R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood Durbin-Watson stat
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
La costa norte
Sample(adjusted): 4 31 IF ZONE=1 Included observations: 20 after adjusting endpoints Variable C AIRPORTKM DISTKM DISTURBANKM ROOMDENSITY STAR YEAR SWASTEBEACH SEWTREAT WATERMUN R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood Durbin-Watson stat Coefficient -46.50796 -0.023430 -0.000920 0.030954 -0.005410 0.898008 0.024350 0.132163 -0.448172 0.852162 0.651665 0.338163 0.462709 2.140992 -6.034140 0.975373 Std. Error 52.38828 0.011496 0.001133 0.031760 0.002929 0.331915 0.026166 0.385286 0.324284 0.439903 t-Statistic -0.887755 -2.038090 -0.811898 0.974602 -1.847433 2.705533 0.930578 0.343026 -1.382034 1.937160 Prob. 0.3955 0.0689 0.4358 0.3527 0.0944 0.0221 0.3740 0.7387 0.1971 0.0815 3.903595 0.568764 1.603414 2.101280 2.078664 0.134879
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
La costa este
Sample(adjusted): 32 70 IF ZONE=2 Included observations: 25 after adjusting endpoints Variable C AIRPORTKM DISTKM DISTURBANKM ROOMDENSITY STAR YEAR SWASTEBEACH SEWTREAT WATERMUN R-squared Adjusted R-squared S.E. of regression Sum squared resid Log likelihood Durbin-Watson stat Coefficient -8.718624 -0.013579 -0.000303 -0.000844 -0.002668 0.395662 0.006050 -0.144699 0.427943 0.147627 0.778254 0.645206 0.259537 1.010389 4.633298 1.881096 Std. Error 16.46573 0.003529 0.000121 0.002958 0.003263 0.117038 0.008548 0.153213 0.192091 0.140577 t-Statistic -0.529501 -3.848069 -2.502030 -0.285201 -0.817663 3.380625 0.707712 -0.944430 2.227811 1.050152 Prob. 0.6042 0.0016 0.0244 0.7794 0.4263 0.0041 0.4900 0.3599 0.0416 0.3103 4.200196 0.435723 0.429336 0.916886 5.849425 0.001422
Mean dependent var S.D. dependent var Akaike info criterion Schwarz criterion F-statistic Prob(F-statistic)
Resumen
Los precios en la costa este son mas altos que en la costa norte La diferencia puede ser explicada por
Esto no significa que la calidad ambiental sea mejor en la costa este Los desafios ambientales son distintos
Summary
Variables Characteristics of the area Zone 1 AIRPORTKM ROOMDENSITY STAR Zone 2 AIRPORTKM DISTKM STAR
Environmental characteristics
WATERMUN
SEWTREAT
La relacin entre la tasa de visitacin y el costo de viaje es estimada con mtodos economtricos
vi = v (travelcosti+admissionfee, incomei, other variablei) Where vi = visitation rate
Loc. 2
Loc. 4
Loc. 1
PARK
Loc. 2
70/ 1000
30
1100
Loc. 1 Loc. 3
Loc. 3
80/ 1000
40
1300
Loc. 4
60/ 1000
50
900
TC CP
Choke Price
D0
TC $2 TC $1 TC $0
El rea debajo de la curva de demanda nos da la disposicin a pagar por la experiencia recreativa del parque
C B A
VC
VB
VA
Numero de visitas en un ao
p* D2 v2 v1
D1
Visits
Resultados
Table 5.1. Parameters of the trip generating function before the adivsory Variables Parameter obtained t-statistics from pre-advisory estimation Intercept 0 = 9.762 3.37 Travel cost -4.11 1 = -0.104 Income 2 = 0.026 1.96 Education 3 = -0.163 -0.93 Age 4 = -0.027 -0.58 Substitute 5 = 0.019 2.92
5,163
1,079
5,163