Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Pamela Schindler
Sources of Knowledge
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predictions through observation Rationalists believe all knowledge can be deduced from known laws or basic truths of nature Authorities serve as important sources of knowledge, but should be judged on integrity and willingness to present a balanced case
Government / Regulatory
Competition
Economic growth/trends
Experience
Social Cultural
Technology
Paradigms in Research..
Thomas Kuhn Scientific Revolution
Karl Popper..falsification
Scientific method..
Parsimony
Scientific method
The scientific method is the process by which
scientist, endeavour to construct an accurate (i.e. reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world. The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experimenter when testing a hypothesis or a theory.
Scientific method..
1. Observe some aspect of the universe. 2. Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed. 3. Use the hypothesis to make predictions. 4. Test those predictions by experiments or further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no discrepancies between hypothesis and experiment /observation Hypothesis becomes theory when experiment bears it out.
Summary Seven steps in the application of the scientific method: 1. Assessment of relevant existing knowledge 2. Formulation of concepts and propositions 3. Statements of hypotheses
summary
4-Design the research to test the hypotheses 5-Acquisition of meaningful empirical data 6-Analysis and evaluation of data 7-Provide explanation and state new problems raised by the research.
Lively
Ways to Communicate
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Exposition descriptive statements that merely state and do not give reason Argument allows us to explain, interpret, defend, challenge, and explore meaning
Deduction is a form of inference that purports to be conclusive Induction draws conclusions from one or more particular facts
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more . specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach ( not "bottoms up" Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php
Understanding Concepts
A concept is a bundle of meanings or
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characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and behaviors Concepts have been developed over time through shared usage
Understanding Concepts
The success of research hinges on: how clearly we conceptualize how well others understand the concepts we use
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What is a Construct?
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Types of Variables
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A good hypothesis should fulfill three conditions: Must be adequate for its purpose Must be testable Must be better than its rivals
greatest meaning Summarizes what is known about an object of study Predicts further facts that should be found
Links..steps in research
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Define the problem Plan a research design Decide on sampling procedure Collect data Analyze data Formulate conclusions and prepare report
linkages
The stages are interrelated Sometimes later stages are completed before earlier ones Forward linkage implies that the earlier stages of research will influence later stages Backward linkage implies that later steps have an influence on the earlier stages in the research process.
Secondary Data
Experience Survey
Pilot Study
Case Study
Research Design
Observation
Way forward..
Explore the process in the next one semester..be ready