Communicating with cubic millimeter computer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express thanks to the following individuals who have contributed in various ways I would like to thank venerated Head of the Department of Telecommunication, Mr.Natarajan for his valuable guidance and help Former Head of Department, Dr. Vijay Kumar B.P. for his guidance and help Mr. Venu K.N. for his encouragement and for recurrently providing support throughout Mrs. Parimala P for her valuable advice in the hour of need. I am thankful to the entire staff , for being helpful and providing the requisite facilities Lastly, I am also thankful to my family and friends for their valuable advice in the hour of need.
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What is Smart Dust?

A tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary

capabilities. Each element is known as mote Often called micro electro-mechanical sensors Combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters. Useful in monitoring real world phenomenon without disturbing the original process.
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 small and light weight they can remain suspended in

the environment like an ordinary dust particle

small enough to remain suspended

in air, buoyed by air currents in the direction of flow, sensing and communicating for hours or days

very hard to detect the presence

of the Smart Dust

Smart Dust Mote

HISTORY
Conceived by Dr. Kristofer S. J. Pister of University of California, Berkeley in 1998

An entire communication system integrated in a cubic mm of package

The Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was among the original patrons of the mote idea One of the initial mote ideas implemented for DARPA allows motes to sense battlefield conditions
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ARCHITECTURE
A single Smart Dust mote has:
MEMS sensors MEMS beam steering mirrors for optical transmission

MEMS corner cube retro reflector for passive optical transmission

An optical receiver Signal processing and control circuitry A power source based on thick film batteries and solar cells

SENSOR
Sensors may include one or

N W S E

2 Axis Magnetic Sensor

2 Axis Accelerometer Light Intensity Sensor Humidity Sensor Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor
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more motion or environment sensors temperature, pressure, vibration, acceleration, light, magnetic, or acoustic devices more sophisticated sensors also include the ability to perform chemical analysis to identify

How Smart dust works?

Run by microcontroller
Determines the task performed by the mote Controls power Most of the time mote is off with only timers running When a timer expires, it powers mote to carry out a job , then powers off. Primary constraint of smart dust is volume --constraint on energy

Communicating with a Smart dust

Radio Frequency Transmission Optical transmission technique (Laser based Communication)

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS

ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS

Radio Frequency Transmission

Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz.

Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.

Their use leads to modulation, band pass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power consumption.

Pros
Long range
Line-of-sight path not required Not severely affected by rain, fog or atmospheric turbulence

Cons
Antenna may be too large for dust motes Requires modulator, demodulator, filtering (power consumption) Requires complex multiplexing scheme (TDMA, FDMA, CDMA)

Passive reflective Systems

establish a bi-directional communication link between dust nodes and a base station transceiver (BST) For downlink communication (BST to dust), the base station points a modulated laser beam at a node and uses a simple optical receiver to decode the incoming message For uplink communication (dust to BST), the base station points an un-modulated laser beam at a node, which in turn modulates and reflects back the beam to the BST for which the dust nodes are equipped with a Corner Cube Retro Reflector (CCR)

Working of a CCR
CCR comprises three mutually perpendicular mirrors of gold-coated polysilicon The CCR has the property that any incident ray of light is reflected back to the source (provided that it is incident within a certain range of angles centered about the cubes body diagonal) If one of the mirrors is misaligned, this retro-reflection property is spoiled. CCR illuminated by an external light source transmits back a modulated signal at kilobits per second. Since the dust mote itself does not emit light, the passive transmitter consumes little power. Hence the name.

The BTS contains a laser whose beam illuminates an area containing dust motes. This beam can be modulated with downlink data, including commands to wake up and query the dust motes. When the illuminating beam is not modulated, the dust motes can use their CCRs to transmit uplink data back to the base station. A high frame-rate CCD video camera at the BTS sees these CCR signals as lights blinking on and off. It decodes these blinking images to yield the uplink data.
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Active steered laser systems

It uses an active steered onboard laser diode based transmitter to send a collimated laser beam to a station
It consist of a laser diode, collimating lens and beam steering mirrors for the communication With the laser diode and the set of beam scanning mirrors, we can transmit data in any direction desired, allowing the mote to communicate with other Smart Dust motes.

Pros
LLonger range than passive links (up to about 10 km)
Higher bit rates than passive links (up to about 1 Mbps) With multi-hop, avoids need for every dust mote to have line-of-sight path to base station Utilizes space-division multiplexing Only baseband electronics are required

Cons
Requires protocol to steer directional transmitters Requires higher power than passive transmitter Affected by rain, fog, atmospheric turbulence

Cost and availability

Prices of dust implementation vary on desired mote

capability , installation requirement and volume of purchase Presently two main vendors are there: Crossbow Technology and Microstrain Present cost of individual motes $50 each, dropping below $1 per mote in the near future

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Why smart dust?

Physical attributes: Small and lightweight Low power consumption

Networking capabilities:
Networking functions are seamless and automatic Multiple networks can be in use simultaneously

Data transmission capabilities:

On-board data acquisition supports many missions Software support for many sensor configurations Data can be carried through network to command centres

Disadvantages
Privacy : mischievous ,unethical ,illegal purposes
Security: network reprogrammablity Standards: no existing standards

Environmental impacts : not easily or inexpensively

retrieved

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Where is smart dust used??

Environmental monitoring

Measuring structural integrity of a building or any other structure

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 Habitat monitoring:
A biologist could equip an endangered animal with a collar containing a mote that senses position, temperature, etc. Military Application : To detect truck movement in a remote area thousands of motes are scattered. When an enemy truck drives through the area the commander can track the path that the truck is following through the field of motes.

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Health And Wellness Monitoring Health And Wellness Monitoring

Enter human and checkand for check for Enterbodies human bodies physiological problems problems physiological

Virtual keyboards Virtual keyboards Glue a dust mote to each fingertips. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of the fingertip and talk to the computer on your watch
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Major Challenges!!
difficult to fit these devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise.

With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of weight.

Privacy and security issues Though smart dust can be used as a total surveillance device, abuse of such technology can cost us our privacy and security.

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 There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose will to make mote as small as possible and to make it available at a low price.

Soon we will see smart dust being used in varied application from all spans of life!

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Future scope

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Thank you

SHIVANI PRASADPRASAD 1MS09TE049

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