Chapter 8

The Muscular System

Types of Muscle
Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Types of Muscle
Smooth muscle
Walls of hollow body organs (digestive, respiratory, uterus, bladder) & blood vessels Involuntary Tapered at ends Lack striations Single nucleus Slow contraction/relaxation

Types of Muscle
Cardiac muscle
Heart walls Involuntary Are striated Intercalated discs allow electrical impulses to rapidly travel

Types of Muscle
Skeletal muscle
Striated Multiple nuclei Voluntary Mostly attached to bones Some attached to muscles & skin

Muscular System
3 primary functions of Skeletal muscles
Movement of skeleton Maintenance of posture
Muscle tone

Generation of heat
shivers

Muscular System
Structure
Muscle cell (Muscle fiber/myofibril)
Wrapped in endomysium

Fascicle
wrapped in perimysium

Muscle
Wrapped in epimysium Part of deep fascia Merge to form tendons

Muscular System
Motor impulses travel away from CNS
(sensory impulses travel toward)

Each single motor neuron carries signal to hundreds of muscle fibers.

Motor unit

Connects to muscle at neuromuscular junction

Muscular System
Neuromuscular Junction
Type of synapse Synaptic cleft Neuron releases neurotransmitter (acetylcholine, ACh) Muscle cells have receptors for ACh. Motor end plate Initiates action potential

Muscular System
Contraction
Numerous filaments in each muscle cell made of actin and myosin proteins, giving the cell striated appearance Sarcomeresubunit of skeletal muscle=band of myosin and actin on either side

Muscular System
Troponin & Tropomyosin
Calcium binds to troponin & molecules allow binding of actin & myosin Calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscular System
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ACh released from neuron Binds to motor end plate, action potential A P travels to sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium is released Attaches to troponin, actin binding sites open Myosin heads bind to actin Pull actin filaments together ATP used to detach myosin heads and move them back to position 9. Muscle relaxes as Ca stored in SR.

Muscular System
Myoglobin
Stores O2

Glycogen
Glucose chain for storage

Creatine phosphate
Makes more ATP when its used up

Muscular System
Muscle tone is the contracted state when not in use
Isotonic contractionstone remains the same, length changes Isometric contractionslength remains the same, tone changes

Muscular System
Tendons connect muscle fascia to the periosteum of bones in (generally) two places Less movable is the origin More movable is the insertion Prime movers Antagonists Synergists

Muscles
Trapezius Latissimus dorsi External oblique Deltoid Triceps brachii

Muscles

Sternocleidomastoi
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Rectus Abdominis

Deltoid
Biceps brachii Brachioradialis Flexor carpi ulnaris External/Internal obliques

Muscles
Quadriceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medials Vastus intermedius Sartorius

Gracilis
Tibialis anterior

Gluteus maximus Hamstrings Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius

Diaphragm Intercostals Internal External

Muscular disorders
Muscular dystrophy
Deterioration of muscles with intact nerve functions Cardiac muscles failure results in death

Myasthenia gravis
Muscular fatigue caused by slightest exertion

Fibromyalgia, fibromyositis
Myalgia-muscle pain Myositis-muscle inflammation Fibrositis-inflammation of connective tissue

1. What type of muscle tissue is characterized by intercalated discs?

2. What type of muscle tissue is characterized by cells with multiple nuclei and striations?

3. The site where the axon from a motor neuron meets the motor end plate of a muscle cell is called the __________ junction

4. The neurotransmitter sent from the neuron to receptors in the motor end plate is called what?

5. What is the filament called that causes the appearance of the dark band in the striation pattern?

6. What is the thin filament that causes the appearance of the light band in the striation pattern?

7. What is stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and allow myosin to bind to actin?

8. A muscle that works against a prime mover is called an ________.

9. What is this muscle?

10. What is this muscle?