CELL ORGANISATION

CELL SPECIALISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

An organism which consists of more than one cell. For example : human - begin as a single cell called zygote
- zygote = sperm cell + ovum - zygote 2 cells 4 cells 8 cells embryo

Cells of multicellular organisms differentiate and undergo specialisation in order to perform their tasks more efficiently

CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Cells of same type which carry out a common function are organised into tissues

A tissues is a group of similar cells performing a particular function Different types of tissues group together to form an organ

An organ is a group of tissues that performs a specialised function. Several organ are found within a system All systems work together to make up an organism

Multicellular organism

CELL ORGANISATION IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

Cells

Tissues

Organ

Systems

Multicellular organism

Examples of human cell

Nerve cell Muscle cell Red blood cell White blood cell Sperm cell Epithelial cell

NERVE CELL
S : Have long, thin fibres called axon F : Conduct nerve impulses throughout the body

MUSCLE CELL
S : long with multiple nuclei, contain protein fibres. F : these fibres can contract to produce movement

RED BLOOD CELL

S : shaped like biconcave disc, do not have nuclei F : increase the surface area to the cell and allows oxygen to diffuse into the cell at a faster rate

WHITE BLOOD CELL

S : can change shape easily F : to move through the walls of blood vessels and migrate to the sites of injuries

SPERM CELL
S : have long tail and high density of mitochondria F : allows to swim towards the ovum

EPITHELIAL CELL
S : Have simple glands, highly folded with secretory cells arranged compactly. F : Glands to secrete mucus, highly folded to increase the surface area

EXAMPLES OF HUMAN TISSUES

Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue Connective tissue

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
S : Are tightly interconnected with little space between them F : Form a continuous layer over the body surfaces (skin, mouth area, digestive tract and lungs) S : form gland F : to secrete enzyme or hormone

The structure of an epithelial tissue adapted to its function.

N : epithelial tissues on the skin S : continuous layer F : to form a surface of skin, act as protective barrier N : epithelial tissues on the skin S : modified to form gland F : sweat gland to secrete sweat, sebaceous gland to secrete sebum/oil

The structure of an epithelial tissue adapted to its function.

N : epithelial tissues in the intestinal lining S : have mucus secreting goblet cell F : to secrete mucus

The structure of an epithelial tissue adapted to its function.

N : epithelial tissues in trachea S : have elongated cells with hair-like projection called cilia F : to sweep the impurities away from lungs N : epithelial tissues in trachea S : have goblet cells F : to trap dust particles

DIFFERENT TYPE OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

In alveolus

In kidney

In ileum

In trachea

MUSCLE TISSUES

MUSCLE TISSUES
Most abundant tissue in most animals S : composed of long cells called muscles fibres F : can contract to produce movements 3 types of muscle tissues: - skeletal muscle - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscles
S : Attached to the bones of the skeleton and can contract F : responsible for the voluntary movements of the body ( such as bending of arm)

Smooth muscles
S : Found along the walls of the digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder and reproductive tract and can contract F : responsible for involuntary body activities such as peristalsis

Cardiac muscle
S : Can be found in the wall of the heart, can contract F : to pump blood to all parts of the body (involuntary)

NERVE TISSUES

NERVE TISSUE
S : Composed of nerve cells (neurones) S : each neurone consist of a cell body and nerve fibres called dendrites and axons F : to detect stimuli and transmit electrical signals called nerve impulses to muscle or gland, control and coordinate activity of the body

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Consists of - various types of cells and fibres - extraxcellular matrix Widely distributed F : responsible for providing structural support for the tissues and organs of the body. Example : tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones, blood, adipose tissue

Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue )

S : widespread in the body F : binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds organ in place

Dense fibrous connective tissue

S : contain a large number of collagenous fibres (found in tendons and ligaments) F : tendons to connects the muscle to the bones and ligaments joins bones together at joints

Cartilage
S : Strong and flexible connective tissue F : provides support to the nose, ears covers the end of bones and cartilage discs between the vertebrae as a cushion to absorb pressure

Bone
S : Consists of cells embedded in a matrix of collagen which are hardened by mineral deposits such as calcium F : provide protection to the organs and support the body

Blood
S : are produced in bone marrow (end of long bones) F : transport, regulate and protect.

Adipose tissue
S : consists of tightly packed cell, found in the dermis of the skin and around major organ F : stores fats, acts as an energy reserve, provide insulation and protection

ORGAN
An organ is formed by two or more type of tissues working together to perform a particular function Example of organ : heart, skin, lungs, kidneys, eyes and ears

THE SKIN AS AN ORGAN

The skin covers the body and act as a physical barrier against infection, physical trauma and water loss. The skin is an organ because it consists of various types of tissues joined together to perform specific function The skin is composed of two main layers : - epidermis : made up of epithelial tissue - dermis : is composed of connective tissue, nerve tissue, epithelial tissue and muscle tissue.

 Network of blood capillaries to supply blood to the skin. Sensory nerve endings are scattered throughout the dermis and epidermis, acts as receptors which transmit nerve impulses for pressure, temperature, touch and pain to other parts of nervous system. Specialised epithelial cells such as : - hair follicles :produce hairs - sweat glands : secrete sweat - oil glands : secrete sebum/oil

Erector muscle Epidermis

Hair

Nerve

Dermis Sweat gland Hypodermis Adipose tissues Hair follicle Oil gland Blood vessels

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM Nervous MAJOR ORGAN Brain, spinal cord, nerves FUNCTION Detects stimuli, formulates response, transmits nerve impulse and integrate activities Controls physiological processes in conjunction with the endocrine system.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM Skeletal MAJOR ORGAN Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments FUNCTION Supports the body, provides sites for attachment of muscles, and protection for internal organs.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR ORGAN Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood FUNCTION Delivers nutrients, respiratory gases and hormones to body cells. Transports waste products to excretory organs.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM Digestive system MAJOR ORGAN Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines, rectum, anus FUNCTION Ingests and digests food, absorbs nutrients for use by the body and eliminates undigested material.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR ORGAN Respiratory Nose, trachea, lungs FUNCTION Provides a surface area for gaseous exchange between the blood and the external environment. Allows oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM Excretory MAJOR ORGAN Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs FUNCTION Removes metabolic waste products such urea and carbon dioxide. Regulates the osmotic balance of the blood

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR ORGAN FUNCTION Reproductive Male: Testes, Male: Produces seminal vesicles, sperms and male penis hormones Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina Female: Produces ova, nurtures developing foetuses and produces female hormones.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM Muscular MAJOR ORGAN FUNCTION Skeletal muscles, Contraction of smooth muscles muscles enables body and cardiac movement muscles

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR FUNCTION ORGAN Integumentary Skin Physically separates the body from the external environment. Protects the body against mechanical injuries, microbial infection and dehydration.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR ORGAN FUNCTION Coordinates body activities in conjunction with the nervous system. Endocrine Glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas, which secrete hormones.

SYSTEMS
SYSTEM MAJOR ORGAN Lymphatic Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus FUNCTION Defends the body against infections. Returns excess tissue fluid to the blood.

PLANTS TISSUES
Two main types of tissues in plants: 1) meristematic tissues - tops of roots - buds of shoots 2) permanent tissues - epidermal tissues - ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma & sclerenchyma) - vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)

Meristematic tissues
S : small cells which have thin wall, large nuclei, dense cytoplasm, no vacuole. F : actively dividing cells which have not undergone differentiation

Permanent tissues
S : consists of mature cells F : undergoing differentiation or have already undergone differentiation Type of permanent tissues : 1) epidermal tissues 2) ground tissues 3) vascular tissues

Epidermal tissues
S : will form epidermis, outmost layer, flat and have large vacuole F : to cover the stems, leaves, roots, flower, fruit and seed

S : the wall covered by cuticle F : helps prevent the loss of water through transpiration S : in roots, the epidermal cell have roots hair F : for absorption of water and mineral
S : in leaves, lower epidermis have guard cell F : surround the stomata to control the opening and closing of stomata

Ground tissues : parenchyma

S : consists of thin-walled cells which are loosely arranged with space between them, have large vacuole F : form the bulk of a plant, tore product of photosynthesis and give support and shape to plants S : in leaves parenchyma are specialised into palisade mesophyll cells and spongy mesophyll cell which contain chlorophyll F : to carry out photosynthesis

Ground tissues : collenchyma

S : consists of elongated, polygonal cell and unevenly thickened cell wall by cellulose and pectin (strong & flexible) F : to support in herbaceous plants, young stems, leaf stalk and petioles

Ground tissues : sclerenchyma

S : rigid, and the cell walls are thickened by lignin, and are dead in maturity F :support and strengthen the plant body and provides protection to the plants

VASCULAR TISSUE : xylem

S : consists of tracheids and vessel xylem, long tubes joined end to end from the roots to the shoots F : conduct water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

S : cell walls are thickened with lignin F : provides support and mechanical strength to the plants

VASCULAR TISSUE : phloem

S : consists of sieve tubes (long continuous tube like structures) & companion cells F : transport organic substances from leaf to other parts of the plant

Pectin,
a white to light brown powder, is a heteropolysaccharide derived from the cell wall of higher terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot[1]. It is mainly used in food as a gelling agent in jams and jellies. Today it is also used in fillings, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit juices and milk drinks and as a source of dietary fiber in foods.

Lignin
is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood and an integral part of the cell walls of plants.[1] The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum,[2] meaning wood. It is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth after cellulose, employing 30% of nonfossil organic carbon[3] and constituting from a quarter to a third of the dry mass of wood. The compound has several unusual properties as a biopolymer, not least its heterogeneity in lacking a defined primary structure.