Support

Protection
Movement

Mineral storage
Blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) Triglyceride storage

spongy bone Proximal compact bone Endosteum

epiphysis

diaphysis

epiphyseal line
yellow marrow

Sharpeys fibers Distal epiphysis

hyaline cartilage

periosteum

spongy bone

Haversian system

central canal
osteocyte compact periosteum bone

osteocytes in lacunae

canaliculi in matrix central canal

275 bones
12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

Fig. 06.13

Fetus: 1st 2 months

Endochondral Ossification

2o ossification center

cartilage
calcified cartilage

bone
Just before birth

epiphyseal plate
Childhood Adult

epiphyseal line

Fig. 06.08

 GH from anterior pituitary, which is regulated by T3 and T4 of the thyroid During puberty- sex hormones: estrogen and testosterone Hyposecretion of GH- dwarfism Hypersecretion of GH- gigantism

 Parathyroid hormone- stimulates osteoclasts Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts

Maintains homeostasis

Osteoblast

Builds new bone

Mature bone cell

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

Eats bone

hematoma

callus

bony callus bone remodeling

Usually treated by realignment Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal) bone breaks cleanly; no penetration Compound- bone penetrates through skin Comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces; aged or brittle bones Compression- bone is crushed Depressed- broken bone portion is depressed inward

Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other

Spiral- excessive twisting of bone Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely

Oblique

Comminuted

Spiral

Compound

1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: Increases speed and completeness of healing The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: Transplant fibula in arm Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis Sea bone- coral Artificial bone- ceramic

Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

29

40

84

92

 Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D

Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling

Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

INQUIRY

1. What does the secondary site of ossification produce? 2. What is an epiphyseal line? 3. Provide an example of a flat bone? 4. How does PTH effect bone development? 5. How many bones in the adult skeleton? 6. What does an osteoblast do and where are they primarily found?

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