prayer

WHO MUST PRAY

Legal basis: 1. Quranic Verses: "And perform the prayer" (2:43) 2. Ijma. 3. Word of Allahs Messenger (Peace be upon Him): "On the night I was taken from Mecca to Jerusalem, Allah imposed fifty obligatory prayers upon my community. So I kept petitioning Him in the matter, asking they be lightened, until He made them but five each day and night." (Bukhari, Muslim, and others)

WHO MUST PRAY

Fard only for Baligh, Sane, Pure(for women) Muslims. Need not make up salah missed: Due loss of reason from insanity/illness. By converts before accepting Islam. An apostate from Islam who then returns must make up every salah missed. Child w/ discrimination (can eat/drink/clean himself after toilet) aged 7: Ordered to offer salah. When 10: Beaten for neglecting it. (Not severely, only to discipline, and not >3 blows).

WHO MUST PRAY

Person raised among Muslims + denies that: Salah/Zakat/Siyam/Hajj = Fard, Wine/Adultery= Haram. Denies a result of ijma`, Things necessarily known to be from deen = Murtad. (Necessarily known = any Muslim knows if asked). Murtad is executed if: Does not admit mistake/acknowledge what is haram/fard by ijma. Denying non-ijma =/= Kufr.

Muslim accepting Salah = Fard BUT Due lack of concern Neglects praying until proper time over =/= Murtad.

WHO MUST PRAY

Is executed, washed, prayed over, and buried in Muslim's cemetery. ( Asking him to repent = Mustahab, =/= Fard. Not executed if repents).

Only 3 excused for missing salah: 1. A sleeper (from start-time until end-time). 2. He who forgot it. 3. Traveller who delayed it to do jama.

PRAYER TIMES
Five prescribed prayers: 1. Zuhr begins after sun's zenith, and ends when: Current Shadow Length Zenith Shadow Length = Actual Height. 2. `Asr begins when zuhr ends, & ends at sunset. When CSL ZSL = 2AH : Preferred time ends. 3. Maghrib begins when sun completely sets. Reliable view: Ends when red from sky vanishes.

PRAYER TIMES
Five prescribed prayers: 4. `Isha begins when maghrib ends, ends at true dawn (When sky near horizon begins to grow light. Sometimes, few-minute dim light overhead followed by darkness: Deceptive dawn.) After 1/3rd night preferred time ends. 5. Subh begins at true dawn & ends at sunrise. When it becomes light outside preferred time ends. Best to pray every prayer soon after start-time, getting ready for it at the outset.

PRAYER TIMES
If 2nd sajda of 1st raka not over b4 end-time: Whole prayer is qadha. If >=1 raka w/in end-time: Prayer is ada.

Intentionally delaying until part of salah occurs after end-time = Haram.

Permissible to rely on a knowledgeable, dependable muezzin. If no one to inform the time: May reason on basis of reciting a known length wird/qirat etc. (Clocks, prayer time-tables)

MAKING UP PRAYERS
If loss of reason etc. occurs after prayer time started & prayable amount of time elapsed & yet not prayed: Making up as soon as possisble = Fard. Prescribed salah missed for / w/o valid reason: Making up immediately = Mustahab/Fard. Immediately=> In all of the time not occupied by necessities, sunna prayers =/= Necessity. Making up in the order missed: Mustahab. Making up b4 offering current, even at the cost of jamaat: Mustahab. If time close to end, offer current 1st: Fard. If started making up then found that time for current ending: Fard to discontinue make-up.

MAKING UP PRAYERS

If unsure which of the five was missed: Make up all five. If consistently praying a salah b4 time, day after day: Each days = Qadha for previous. So when error found, make up only one, for the last mistaken.

ADHAN
Adhan/Iqama = Sunna for fard salah: Alone/ 2nd Jamat. Public cognizance of both whether small/large town. Adhan beter than imama better than iqama. Alone/2nd jamat in mosque + 1st jamat over: Adhan/iqama in low voice, Else in raised voice. Iqamat= sunna for group of women praying together. For >=1 Qadha, Adhan 1ce, iqama evrytime.

Words of both SHOULD follow the well-known order.

Long silence/speech between the words invalidates both: Restart. Short silence/remark doesnt.

ADHAN
Adhan/Iaqma, when alone: Audible to self ATLEAST. When calling others: Audible to one other ATLEAST. Adhan b4 start-time: Invalid. Except for Fajr: Since Midnight. Mustahabbat: Wudu, istiqbal-e-qibla, turn head left/ right when saying Come to Prayer/Success, Adhan( from high place near mosque, fingertips in ears, pause between sentences except the 2 AllahuAkbar), iqamah: Rapidly w/o pause. Adhan in hadath: Makruh, in janaba: More Makruh, Iqamah in Hadath/Janaba: EVEN more Makruh.

ADHAN
Fard that Muezzin be: Muslim, at age of discrimination, sane, male ( for mens jamat ). Mustahab for muezzin: Upright, strong/pleasant voice. Makruh for a blind Muezzin to give adhan unless a sighhted person with him. Mustahab to repeat each phrase after the muezzin, even if in janaba, impurity, reciting Quran (& a fortiori when reading/reciting something else). At Come to salah/success recite Lahawl Salah better than sleep: Sadaqta wa balaghta

ADHAN
Salah is commencing: "May Allah establish it & make it endure as long as the heavens & earth, & make me one of the righteous of its folk." If adhan heard while going to lavatory/praying etc.: Reply when done. Mustahab for muezzin/ listners to recite durood after adhan. (Unobjectionable to do so as loudly as the adhan.) Then recite the post-adhan invocation.

PURITY
Shart of salah: Body, clothes, things touching them, place of standing : Free of najasa. Chest overhanging on impurity w/o touching it in sajdah: excused. Musalli supporting/carrying something affected by najasa (holding rope connected to najasa)=/= Permisssible. Musalli supported by such= Permissible, provided no direct contact with najasa. Najasa, except blood, if indiscernible by average vision /minute scrutiny needed: excused. Blood/pus little/much from prayee (pimple/boil/sore, bleeding/cupping etc.): excused. From other human/non: Excused ONLY if little.

PURITY
In shariah, key descriptive terms: Little, Much, Near, Far, Briefly, At length etc. governed by 'urf (common acknowledgement). In such ahakm: Stop/Reflect how most people view it.

Urf also signifies what is normal/expected under the circumstances. (ex: Few drops animal blood on butchers clothes would be little, but on students: much.) Noticing much najasa on person/place/clothes: After salah => Repray. During => Salah Invalidated.
Street mud on clothes, uncertain if najasa in it: Pure.

PURITY
If unable to remove najasa from person/held in an impure place: MUST pray & later make up when pure. Held in impure place: Bow head closest to ground w/o touching najasa: Placing forehead upon najasa = Haram.

Lost track of filth-spot on garment: Wash whole w/o guessing. If reliable person informs of spot: May Accept.
Not sure: filth on which of 2 garments: Reason & choose 1, even if: a pure exists/CAN wash 1. Choosing NOT Fard.(May wash either/both/use new). If one believed to be filthy is washed: May pray wearing both/either.

PURITY
If no attempt made to decide which is impure: Prayer in neither is valid. Lost track of filth on a small plot of ground in open country: Pray anywhere. On ground or in a room: Wash whole ground/floor. Salah Makruh in/at: 1] A bathhouse/its outer room where clothes are removed. 2] Middle of a path 3] A rubbish dump/slaughterhouse. 5] A church 6] Places where taxes gathered/taken. 7] Places likely contaminated by wine 8] Atop the Kaaba 9] Towards a tomb. Prayer in usurped garment/land= Haram: Valid w/o reward.

COVERING THE AWRAH

Screening awrah from eyes of men/jinn/angels, EVEN when alone, except when need to undress: Fard by ijma. (Zarkashi: Part fard to clothe when alone consists solely of front/rear private parts for men, & between navel & knees for women.)

Shart for validity of salah, when able to. Seeing a hole in clothes after salah is like seeing a spot of filth: Repray, unless covered the hole immediately.
Awrah of males(even young boys not @ age of discrimination): Area between navel & knees. Awrah of females: Whole body except face/hands. (But haram to look even at face/hands of non-mehram)

COVERING THE AWRAH

Necessary conditions for clothing:

1) Skin-color should be imperceptible (Nawawi: Thin garment from which blackness/whiteness of skin visible is insufficient. Nor thick, gauze-like fabric which reveals part of awrah (al-Majmu)
2) Enclose body as a garment: Salah w/o clothes in a small tent: invalid. 3) Conceal awrah from all sides & above, not necessarily from below. If awrah showing through a tear immediately covered w/ hands (i.e. b4 time to say "Subhan Allah passes) when not in sajda (excused in sajda): Salah valid.

COVERING THE AWRAH

Mustahab for women to wear covering over head (khimar), full length shift + heavy slip beneath that doesn't cling to the body. (Not wrapped so tightly that it hinders standing/sitting etc. 3 garments mustahab thiugh headcover & shift suffice.) Mustahab for men: best clothes, thobe, turban, shawl over head/shoulders, mantle, wraparound or loose drawers If doesnt wear all of these: Desirable to wear two: Thobe + mantle/wraparound/loose drawers. If clothes only cover awrah: Salah valid. Mustahab to place something on shoulders even if only a piece of rope. If no clothes but can conceal part of awrah, cover front/rear private parts. If only 1 can be covered: cover the front. If no clothes at all: Pray w/o

ISTIQBAL-E-QIBLA
Shart 4 salah except: Extreme peril/on-journey nawafil.

Istiqbal fard 4 fard salah : riding in vehicle or not.

Traveller (+ short trip)may pray nawafil riding/walking.

If istiqbal, sujud, ruku, possible on ride (ex:ship):Fard.

If not: Only during Takbir-Tahreema(Turn self/mount).

This also difficult: (mount saddle improper/broken/reins not in hands): Istiqbal not fard at any point + merely nod in travel-direction instead of ruku/sujud. (Nod for sajda deeper than for ruku).

ISTIQBAL-E-QIBLA
Bowing 2 limit of capacity/till forehead touches mount's back: not fard. If salah while walking: MUST stop for ruku/sujud on ground. (If walking in mud/water/snow: Simply nod): Istiqbal Fard for takbir-tehreema, ruku/sujud. Riding/Walking salah validity subject to: 1. Journey continues till end of salah.

2. No turning from travel-direction but towards qibla.

If home/destination/town for stay arrives while salah: MUST face qibla + ruku/sujud on ground/mount-back (if stopped).

ISTIQBAL-E-QIBLA
At Kaaba, pray directly towards it. Facing Hijr Ismaeel/directing any body-part off kaabas outline: Salah Invalid.(A long saff at periphery of Haram, which renders some off Kaaba's outline: valid.) To find qibla, fard to face masjid-mihrab in city/village through which many people pass. Where the Prophet faced to pray & established where he stood, fard to face as he did, w/o reconsidering qibla/turning right/left. May use reasoning in other places.

If none seen Kaaba somewards: Reason w/ other evidence (if cant/blind: follow reliable sighted w/ evidence).
Post-salah discovery of facing-error: Repray.

SUTRAH
Mustahab to place sutrah >= 32 cm high/spread out a mat.

If cant: Draw a line normal to chest at <= 1.5m.

Passing between sutrah & prayee = Haram. Even when no other way to pass. If someone tries to: Mustahab to gently push him back. If he persists: May push back as hard as necessary, as to an attacker. If passer dies as result: No qisas. If no sutrah/>1.5m: Passing w/ sujud limits = makruh, cant push. Passing w/o sujud limit =/= haram/makruh. If gap in saff: Entitled to cross others to fill it.

MEASURES MUSTAHAB BEFORE SALAH

1. Stand after iqama. 2. Be in first row. 3. Straighten rows, especially imam should order jamat. 4. Fill up (n-1)th row before nth row: Else prayer in nth row = Praying alone w/o jamat. No gaps w/in row, nor >1.5m gap between rows.

Superior to stand on imam's right. Sunna for imam: be in the middle.

If row extends to right: Greater sawab to stand on left.

NIYYAH
Make niyyah with heart. For fard salah: Must intend salah + its being fard + Which salah: Zuhr/Asr/Jumuah. Niyyah must coincide takbir tahrima: From 1st to last. Presence in mind = fard + Utter b4 takbeer = Mustahab. Specify no.of rak'as/for Allah Most High/ada or qadha: Mustahab.(Some Ulema: Mere determination to pray suffices. Ex: Walking to mosque after adhan.) For nawafil w/ particular time: Must intend which: 'Eid/eclipse /ihram/sunnas b4/after prayer etc. 4 nawafil w/o particular time: May simply intend salah.

NIYYAH
Salah immediately invalidated if: 1. Ceases to intend praying. 2. Decides that will cease to. 3. Not knowing if ceased to or not. Hesitation in heart: "Shall I stop intending or continue?" Merely thinking of how it would be to hesitate during prayer: inconsequential. Doubt that negates resolve/certainty is. 4. Intends during 1st rak'a to stop on reaching 2nd. 5. Decides to interrupt prayer if an event occurs/may occur: " I'll stop if Zayd comes in . Knowingly begins a salah b4 time: Unbegun. Unknowingly= Begun nafil.

TAKBEER TAHREEMA
Must be pronounced "Allah akbar" or "Allahu akbar." Salah legally unbegun if: Any of its letters omitted, pause/addn of waw betn the two words, lengthens a betn final b & r. If unable to pronounce (mute etc.): MUST move tongue/lips according to capacity. Minimal loudness 4 takbeer, Quran recital, all adhakr: Audible to oneself: w/ normal hearing - extra noise. Imam says every "Allahu akbar" jahran. Jahran: Someone beside/behind speaker can understand. Sirran: Speaker alone can understand. Fard to say takbeer of fard salah standing.

TAKBEER TAHREEMA
If single harf non-standing: Prayer begun as nafil if ingnorant of its hurmat else not begun at all. (Latecomer beware! No rukn b4 full takbeer standing.) Lift hands - shoulder level at takbeer = Mustahab. Fingertips level ear-tops, thumbs-earlobes, palmsshoulders, fingers slightly outspread. Intentionally, absentmindedly omits at takbeer-start: May lift DURING butnt POST takbeer. Palms face qibla, hands uncovered. Post takbeer: Place hands betn chest & navel, grasp Lwrist w/ R-hand, fix gaze where forehead will prostrate. In Tashahhud: Look at index finger when at "illallah". Shut eyes = Makruh unless more helpful 4 awe/ humility.

ISTIFTAH
Mustahab post takbeer in fard/nafil salah, even if seated, man/woman/child, imam/muqtadi, jamat/alone except salat-janaza. Once Ta'awwudh begun: Maynt return to istiftah. Joined just b4 imams"Ameen: say "Ameen then istiftah. Imam finishes after latecomers takbeer but b4 his sitting for tashahhud: Recites Istiftah. Already sat down & imam finishes: Complete salah w/o istiftah . Joined while imam standing + knows that can finish Istiftah + Ta'awwudh + Fatiha b4 imam bows: May recite.

ISTIFTAH
Feel that imam will bow b4 completion: Omit all & begin Fatiha & if imam bows b4 Fatiha complete: Bow w/ him. If didnt omit istifatah/Ta'awwudh : MUST recite as many huruf as recited b4 it THEN bow else salah invalid. If enough Fatiha to permit bowing w/imam recited but still not bowed w/o excuse + imam straightens up: Rak'a missed, perform at end. Ta'awwudh in every raka, especially after istiftah: Mustahab : Imam/muqtadi/alone/fard/nafil even janaza. Ta'awwudh always sirran.

FATIHA
Post istiftah & in every rak'a. Basmala is one of its verses. Reciting its ayahs in order, w/o interruption: Fard. Must rebegin if deliberately pauses, at length during it, or briefly but intending to cease reciting, or mixes w/it words of dhikr/Quran not in interests of prayer. Not rebegun if words in interests of prayer: "Ameen" responding to imam's Ameen/correcting him when he errs, or prostrating w/him as sunna for his Quran recital. Nor if forgetfully falls silent/absentmindedly adds words of dhikr.

FATIHA
Post istiftah & in every rak'a. Basmala is one of its verses. Reciting its ayahs in order, w/o interruption: Fard. Must rebegin if deliberately pauses, at length during it, or briefly but intending to cease reciting, or mixes w/it words of dhikr/Quran not in interests of prayer. Not rebegun if words in interests of prayer: "Ameen" responding to imam's Ameen/correcting him when he errs, or prostrating w/him as sunna for his Quran recital. Nor if forgetfully falls silent/absentmindedly adds words of dhikr.

FATIHA
To omit a harf i.e consonant/long vowel NOT short vowel (haraka: provided meaning not altered), failure 2 double a harf that should be, substituting a harf: Invalidates recital of THAT word, MUST be rerecited. It doesnt invalidate salah unless it changes meaning & is done deliberately.

After Fatiha say "Ameen" sirran in sirri prayers & jahran in jahri. Muqtadi says "Ameen when imam does, then again when finishes his own recital of Fatiha.

SURA
1 complete, even short, in 1st 2 rakas only: Mustahab. Mustahab to recite: 1. Al-Hujurat - Al-Naba in subh & zuhr salah. 2. Al-Naba - Al-Duha in 'asr/'isha salah. 3. Al-Duha An-Naas in maghrib salah. 4. Al-Sajda in 1st & al-Insan in 2nd rakaof Friday subh. 5. Al-Kafirun in 1st & al-Ikhlas in 2nd raka of maghrib & fajr sunnas/two rak'as post tawaaf & istikhara. If some muqtadis mind 1&2 lengths: imam should be brief. Distinct/pleasant recital tartil, observing proper rules & reflecting over its lessons/meanings: Mustahab.

SURA
Muqtadi reciting when imams audible to him: Makruh. Muqtadi reciting in sirri or jahri when imam inaudible/audible uncomprehendingly: Mustahab. Recite longer sura in 1st rak'as than 2nd. Misser of 1st 2 rak'as reciting surahs in rakas performed after imams salams: Mustahab. Jahri prayers(when Imam/lone prayee recites aloud): Subh, Jumu'a, 'Eids, istisqa, lunar eclipse, Tarawih, 1st 2 rak'as of maghrib & 'isha. All qadas offered in time-slots of jahri prayers are offered jahran & viceversa.

QIYAAM
Integral of every & only fard salah for anyone who can stand by himself/assisted. Spine MUST be upright. Inclined fwd so backbone nonlinear/bent so closer 2 ruku not = Qiyaam. If back bowed w/age etc. so normal posture resembles ruku: stand as is + must bend some more 4 ruku if able to. Qiyaam on 1 foot/feet-joined (sunna 4 women)/1 foot ahead of the other: Makruh. Long qiyaam better than long sajda/ruku. Nawafil in any state: seated/lying down/iftirash(best)= Mubah: Even when able to stand but of less merit.

RUKU

Bowing from waist, min as far as average size person when he wants to put hands on knees: Integral.
Minimal repose in it: Remain still 4 a moment after motion + intend nothing by the motion but ruku = Fard. Optimal way: Begin raising hands & takbeer simultaneously & when hands @ shoulder level: Bow. Prolonging takbeer till reaching next posture: salah not devoid of dhikr at any point: Mustahab.

RUKU

Next put hands on knees, fingers apart, back & neck extended, legs straight, elbows out (not 4 women).
Then prescribed tasbeeh optimally at least 3ice. If lone prayee/imam of few muqtadis who dont mind: May recite 5,7,9,11 times.

After tasbeeh mustahab to say, "O Allah, to You I bow, in You I believe, to You I submit. My hearing, sight, mind, bones nerves, and all that my feet bear up are humbled before You."

STRAIGHTENING UP
Then lift head, min to pre-bow qiyaam & remain still 4 a moment: Each of above is an integral. Intend nothing by motion except straightening up: Fard. Optimal way: Raise hands(to shoulder level)& head together, saying, SamiAllahuLiManHamida: Imam/ Muqtadi/lone prayee. Imam says this aloud. When upright say(sirran):"Our Lord, all praise is Yours, heavenful, earthful, & whatever-else-You-will-full." Extra-dhakirs of ruku may add here: "O You who deserve praise and glory, the truest thing a slave can say is, 'None can withhold what You bestow, non can bestow what You withhold, and the fortune of the fortunate avails nothing against You."

SAJDAH
Is an integral. Conditions for validity: 1. Uncovered portion of forehead touch a part of prayer place. Uncovering any other limbs of sajdah =/= Fard.

2. Remaining still for a moment therein.

3. Place of sajdah bear the weight of head.

4. Being higher than head.

5. Sajdah not on something joined to the person which moves w/him: sleeve/turban.

SAJDAH
6. Intention of motion = nothing but sajdah. 7. Part of each knee, bottom of toes of each foot, fingers of each hand be placed on ground. (Nose touching ground: Mustahab). If unable to touch forehead to ground (ex: an expectant woman): Not necessary to use stacked pillows. Merely bow as low as can. If bandage on forehead due injury that affects all of it + severe hardship in removing it (permitting tayammum): May prostrate upon it w/o having to make up.

SAJDAH
Optimal way: Say takbeer and: 1. Put knees down 1st, then hands, then forehead & nose (any other sequence is Makruh).

2. Hands directly under shoulders, fingers together, towards qibla, hands uncovered.
3. Men keep 1 span (~ 23 cm) betn 2 knees & 2 feet (women keep joined). 4. Men keep stomach apart from thighs, women keep together.

SAJDAH

5. Say prescribed tasbeeh 3ice.

Extra-dhakirs of ruku may recite 5,7,9,11 times + :

"O Allah, I prostrate myself to You, believe in You, and surrender to You. My face prostrates to Him who created it and gave it form, who opened its hearing and vision by His Power and strength. Allah is exalted in perfection, the Best of Creators."
Supplicating in sajdah = Commendable.

IQA BETWEEN SUJUD

Raising head & sitting back b4 2nd sajdah = integral. Sit still 4 at least a moment + intend nothing by movement but sitting = Fard. Optimal way: 1) Say takbeer while raising head. 2) Sit in iftirash: Place L-foot on its side & sit on it keeping R-foot resting on bottom of its toes, heel up. 3) Hands on thighs near knees, fingers held together. 4) Saying the prescribed dhikr. Sitting back on heels w/ toes-bottom & knees on ground: Mustahab betn sujud but iftirash better. Sitting aground, palms down, knees drawn up: Makruh.

2nd Raka

1st rak'a complete only after 2nd sajdah: Each sajdah & stillness in them are four separate integrals.

Brief iftirash b4 rising = Sunnah.

Then quickly raise, helping up w/ both hands, palms down, prolonging takbeer until back in qiyaam. Then 2nd rak'a like 1st, w/o: Niyyah/takbeer/Istiftah.

3rd & 4th Rakas

If salah > 2 rak'as: Sit in iftirash post 2nd & recite Tashahhud + Durood on the Prophet(Alayhissalaam), though not upon his family. Then rise saying takbeer & leaning on hands as b4.
When upright: Lift hands (not so after 1st/3rd raka).

Complete rest rakas like 2nd, except: Fatiha sirran w/o appending a sura.

TASHAHHUD
Sitting back at end of salah 4 tashahhud: Integral. Final tashahhud: Tawarruk = sunnah: L-posterior on ground, L-foot on its side: emerging from under right, which is vertical. Late comer: Iftirash at imam's final & tawarruk at his final tashahhud. Sajdah sahu: Iftirash 4 tashahhud & tawarruk 4 salams. In both tashahhuds, L-hand an in iqa, R-hand similarly placed, but held closed w/ thumb touching side of index finger, which alone is extended. Lift the index finger & point w/it when saying illalAllah" w/o moving it (Sunnah as per Abu Dawud)

TASHAHHUD
Moving= Makruh. The sunna, as per sahih hadith from Bayhaqi interpreted as: scholars hold: lack of motion is sought in prayer & moving it diminishes humility. Prophet(Alayhissalaam) moved it 2 show permissibility. (As it was His(Alayhissalaam) duty to distinguish for his ummah the acts that were makruh from those haram: He was given the reward of fard 4 doing such makruh acts.) Moreover, Bayhaqi says that meaning of moving is simply raising it. So there is no actual contradiction.

TASHAHHUD
Minimal Tashahhud: "Greetings to Allah. Peace be upon you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings. Peace be upon us and upon Allah"s righteous slaves. I testify there is no god except Allah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." Optimal is the prescribed tashahhud. Its words = Fard (If can recite Arabic, MUST) Their order = Shart. If cant say it: Learn. If one cant learn (no teacher/teacher but still unable): Translate it 2 any language.

TASHAHHUD
Then say Darood: Integral after final/sunna after 1st. Minimum: "O Allah, bless Muhammad." (Which is used for after 1st) Optimal: Darood Ibrahim (Alayhissalaam) Desirable to add sayyidina b4 each mention of the Prophets (Alayhimussalaam). The hadith "Do not liegelord me in the prayer" is forgery w/corrupt Arabic. Mustahab post 2nd Tashahhud: Supplicate for any permissible thing: Many prescribed 1s exist. Mustahab: Imam be briefer than tashahhud + Darood. Lone prayee may take his time, if not afraid of forgetting that still in prayer.

SALAMS
Integral. Minimum: "as-Salamu `alaykum. Must occur seated. Saying "Salam-alaykum: Inadequate. Invalidates prayer if done intentionally. Optimal: "Peace be upon you, and the mercy of Allah" Adding wa-barakatuhu not sunna. Turn head R enough to show R-cheek to those behind.

Intends to finish prayer & greetings of peace to angels & Muslims (human/jinn) on right. Same for left.
Muqtadi intends 1 of 2 salams as response to imam's: Depending on which side imam is on.

SALAMS
If directly behind him: May intend either as response. Mustahab for latecomer not to stand to finish missed rak`as until imam says both Salams.

Permissible to stand after just 1, but if stands b4 1st salam: invalidates prayer, unless purposely intended to cease jamat b4 this.
Latecomer making 1st tashahhud while group making last: May sit at length,for dhikr/duas post imam's salams b4 standing up to finish rak`as: But makruh. If not 1st tashahhud: Invalidates prayer if intentional.

SALAMS
Non-latecomer may supplicate as long as he wishes after imam's salams, finishing w/salams whenever he wants: He is now praying alone, Imamat ends w/ 1st Salam. Sirri dhikr & dua after prayer: Mustahab. (Al-Shafi'i(ra)in al-Umm, "I prefer that imam & muqtadi do silent dhikr after salam: Unless the imam wants to teach, after which he says them to himself. Following adhkar & their order are sunnah: Ayat al-Kursi, al-Ikhlas, al-Falaq, al-Nas (all 1ce), Astaghfirullah 3ice, Allahumma-Antas-Salaam. "O Allah, none can withhold what You bestow, none can bestow what You withhold, & the fortune of the fortunate avails nothing against You,

Tasbeeh-Fatima(radhiallahuanha)(also mustahab b4 sleep).

SALAMS
"There is no god but Allah, alone, without partner. His is the dominion, His the praise, & He has power over all things." Darood at start, mid, end of above Mustahab.
For postprayer dhikr/dua imam turns his right side toward jamat & left to qibla. He leaves his place as soon as he finishes if no women. ( Waits for them to leave first). Muqtadis remain seated until imam stands: Mustahab.

SALAMS
Pray nawafil after some conversation: Mustahab. Better pray elsewhere, best at home. Nawafil better prayed in mosque: Pre-Friday sunnahs. Tawaf, ihram prayer. Duha, istikhara, pre/post journey sunna rakas. Prayers in Itikaf. Sunna-muakkadas missable ifnt prayed in mosque. Sunna rakas b4 maghrib.

QUNUT
Sunnah for fajr. The words arent set any dua/praise/ayahs of dua. Saying the prescribed words better. Commendable to add & none is exalted whom You are at enmity with" after & none is based whom You befriend". End w/darood. Raising hands: Mustahab. (Palms up @ asking good, down @ asking refuge). Dont stroke face/chest w/ hands after dua. Imam supplicates aloud, pluralizing ex: ihdina, muqtadi say Ameen etc. sirran. Imam inaudible/lone prayee: Qunut.

Calamities 4 muslims: Qunut in last raka of every prayer.

EXTRANEOUS SPEECH
Uttering w/o excuse >=2 huruf/their worth of sounds: laughter, crying, groaning, clearing throat, blowing, sighing: when audible: + >=6 words worth sound, even w/ valid excuse: blurting words unthinkingly, overcome by laughter/coughing, absentmindedly speaking, New Muslim speaking because doesnt know its hurmat: Invalidates prayer. Prayer invalid if speaks knowing its hurmat but not that it invalidates prayer, $ also if says "Aah" out of fear of hell. When impossible to recite sirri Fatiha/ 2nd Tashahhud/Salams, except by clearing throat: May, even if approximately 2 huruf.

EXTRANEOUS SPEECH
If only jehri recital impossible: Must recite sirran. Some things not commonly known to invalidate prayer: clearing Throat: dont for ordinary people, whose ignorance excusable, but scholars have no such excuse.) If a blind about to fall in well etc: Must speak up to alert him if no nonverbal means of warning him. No form of dhikr invalidates prayer unless a direct address: "Allah have mercy/peace on you" Doesnt invalidate if the person absent: "Allah have mercy on Zayd, addressing Allah or RasulAllah.

EXTRANEOUS SPEECH

When something happens during the prayer: some1 asking permission 2 enter, having to correct imam:
Men say "Subhan Allah" (intending only dhikr, not merely intend to inform, nor no intention: these invalidate) Women clap R-palm on back of L-hand: palm to palm. Reciting ayahs: "O Yahya, take the book intending info only (not invocation) or no intent: Invalidates prayer. Not so if intent= Quran recital or both recital & info.

EXTRANEOUS MOTION
Adding a surplus integral intentionally: invalidates prayer but not if doesnt remember having performed it. A surplus/out-of-place integral recital (ex:fatiha) doesnt invalidate prayer even if intentional. Adding, even absentmindedly, non-prayer motion which= Much in urf + uninterruptedly consecutive: 3 steps/successively moving 3 body parts like head & 2 hands(up-and-down motion = just 1)/>=3 consec motions. Non-above: 2-steps or >=3 non-cosec acts. A grossly improper slight action invalidates prayer: Jumping.

EXTRANEOUS MOTION
A grossly improper slight action invalidates prayer: Jumping. Slight actions: scratching, turning a rosary dont invalidate prayer, nor does remaining silent at length. Even if little substance, except saliva, reaches body cavity intentionally OR much substance reaches absentmindedly/in ignorance of hurmat : Prayer invalid. Little substance reaches absentmindedly/in ignorance of hurmat : Prayer valid.

MAKRUHAT OF PRAYER
1. Not relieving: If enough time remains, relieve 1st then pray even if fear of missing jamat: Sunna. 2. Praying in presence of desirable food/drink if enough time remains.

3. Interlacing fingers.
4. Turning head w/o need. (Turning chest from qibla invalidates prayer except in excuse: extreme peril/nafil on journey). 5. Looking to sky. 6. Looking at distractions.

MAKRUHAT OF PRAYER
7. Gathering clothes/hair w/hand, tucking haira under turban/wiping dust from forehead. 8. Yawning: But if it overcomes: Should cover mouth w/hand. 9. Exaggerating in lowering head in ruku. 10. Putting hands on hips. 11. Spitting to front/right. Rather, expectorate to left, in left, in hem of garment, or under foot: when praying in a desert etc. Haram to spit in mosque except into left hem of garment/ kerchief. Slight motions for removing kerchief & returning it do not harm= inconsiderable.

SHARAIT OF PRAYER
Purification from hadath/janaba. Najasa-free body, clothes, place of prayer. Awrah covered. Istiqbal-e-Qibla. Avoiding haram-actions: extraneous speech, eating, excessive motion.

Knowing/believing prayer's time has come.

Knowing that prayer is fard. Knowing how it is performed.

SHARAIT OF PRAYER
Violating a shart invalidates prayer:

Ritual impurity occurs during prayer, even if absentmindedly. Moist filth affects garment during prayer & garment not immediately shed OR Dry filth affects it & it is thrown off w/hand or sleeve.
Wind discloses part of awrah & its cover gets beyond reach. Belief that some elements of prayer r fard & some mustahab, but not knowing which r fard. Prayer not invalidated if belief that all parts r fard/ garment affected by moist filth immediately shed/dry filth brushed off/awrah immediately re-covered.

ARKAN OF PRAYER
17 arkan (sgl: ruku): Niyyah-Takbeer Tehrima-Qiyaam-Fatiha. Ruku. Momentary stillness therein. Straightening up after ruku. Momentary stillness therein. Sajdah. Momentary stillness therein. Iqa between sujud. Momentary stillness therein. Final Tashahhud. Sitting therein. Darood after final Tashahhud. The 1st Saying of "as-Salamu 'alaykum". Mantaining the above sequence.

ARKAN OF PRAYER
17 arkan (sgl: ruku): Niyyah-Takbeer Tehrima-Qiyaam-Fatiha. Ruku. Momentary stillness therein. Straightening up after ruku. Momentary stillness therein. Sajdah. Momentary stillness therein. Iqa between sujud. Momentary stillness therein. Final Tashahhud. Sitting therein. Darood after final Tashahhud. The 1st Saying of "as-Salamu 'alaykum". Mantaining the above sequence.

MAIN SUNNAS OF PRAYER

These if omitted call for a sajda sahu: 1. 1st Tashahhud. 2. Sitting during it. 3. Darood after it. 4. Blessings on Aal An-Nabi in 2nd Tashahhud. 5. Qunut in fajr. 6. Standing therein. All other parts of prayer are ordinary sunnas uncompensated by sajda sahu.

NAWAFIL

Prescribed prayer is best of body's spiritual works (Except worship connected with the heart, ex: imaan)
Nawafil are best of voluntary spiritual works. (But fard-al-kifaya ilm is better). Sharia stiplulated nawafil prayed in jamaat: 'Eids, Eclipses, istisqa. Are better than Non-jamaat: All others besides these. Sunna mu'akkada/ghair-muakkada b4/after faraid: Superior to tarawih.

SUNAN PRE/POST FARAID

Diligently performing these= Sunnah. Optimally: 2 rak'as b4 subh, 4 pre/post zuhr, 4 b4 asr, 2 post maghrib, 2 post 'isha. Prophet(Alayhissalaam) didnt leave EVEN on journeys:Sunna Muakkada: 2 b4 fajr, 2 pre/post zuhr, 2 post maghrib, 2 post Isha 2 b4 maghrib: Mustahab. Start time 4 pre-fard = Start time 4 fard. Proper adab: Offer b4 fard BUT after fard also current not makeup: Niyyah of pre-fard. Time 4 post-fard: Post-fard to end-time of fard.

WITR
Min = 1 one rak'a. Optimal = 11 rak'as pairwise. Least optimal = 3 rak'as. Al-A'la: 1st raka, Al-Kafirun: 2nd , al-Ikhlas, alFalaq, al-Nas: 3rd.

Permissible to join all rakas by finishing w/ single Salams.

When joining rak'as: May recite only final Tashahud OR A Final for evens & a final for last raka: Superior when separately offering last raka. Making witr resemble maghrib: Makruh. >2 Tashahud in a joined witr invalidates whole prayer.

WITR
Min = 1 one rak'a. Optimal = 11 rak'as pairwise. Least optimal = 3 rak'as. Al-A'la: 1st raka, Al-Kafirun: 2nd , al-Ikhlas, alFalaq, al-Nas: 3rd.

Permissible to join all rakas by finishing w/ single Salams.

When joining rak'as: May recite only final Tashahud OR A Final for evens & a final for last raka: Superior when separately offering last raka. Making witr resemble maghrib: Makruh. >2 Tashahud in a joined witr invalidates whole prayer.

WITR

Best time for witr: just after post-isha sunans, unless intention 2 offer tahajjud (nightly nawafil post-sleep): Then best to pray witr post-tahajjud (Iff wakes-up whenever intends thus).

If decides to pray tahajjud after praying witr: Can pray it in pairs w/o needing to repeat witr nor evening it w/1 rak'a b4 tahajjud.

But not intending any prayr betwn witr & fajr: Mustahab.

TARAWIH
Mustahab. 20 rakas in jamaat on each Ramadan night. (Praying tarawih alone/jamat = Sunna.) Witr in jamaat after it: Mustahab, unless intends tahajjud. 4 2nd half Ramadan, Qunut in last witr rak'a: Mustahab w/adding: "O Allah, we ask Your help, Your forgiveness, & Your guidance. In You we believe, on You we rely, You we praise with every good, we are grateful to You & not ungrateful, & disown & abandon him who commits outrages against You. O Allah, You alone do we worship, to You we pray & prostrate, You we strive for & hasten to obey, hoping for Your mercy & fearing Your punishment. Truly, Your earnest punishment shall overtake the unbelievers. Time= Betwn Isha & Fajr.

DUHA
Mustahab. Min: 2, Optimum: 8, Max: 12: Pairwise. Time: After sun well up - just b4 zuhr. Preferably after a quarter of day passes.

Even intentionally missing any time-specific nafl: 'Eids, duha, witr, sunnas pre/post prayers: Mustahab to makeup any time afterwards. Nawafil contingent upon passing events: Eclipse, drought, greeting-mosque, istikhara: Not made up.

TAHAJJUD
Sunna Muakkada: Even if only few.

Purely nafl prayers: Better at night than during day. Dividing night into 6 parts: 4th & 5th are best 4 prayer. Dividing in half: 2nd half is best. Dividing in 3rds: Middle part is best. Praying entire night, every night: Makruh.
Mustahab: Begin w/2 brief rak'as, intend b4 sleeping, not make a practice of more prayer than can regularly be performed w/o harm. Sunnah: Recite tahajjud suras sometimes jahran, sometimes sirran.

TAHAJJUD
Allowed for purely nafl prayers: Join >=3 rak'as w/single Salams. Pray a single rak'a. Tashahhud every 2,3,4 rak'as, even if numerous, & a final one. When only final Tashahhud: Sura in every raka. Tashahhud in EVERY raka: Not allowed. Pray fewer/more rakas than intended BUT not w/o 1st changing intention DURING prayer. If absentmindedly finishes w/ fewer than intended: Complete the rest + Sajda-Sahu at end.

TAHIYYAT-UL-MASJID
Mustahab: Enterant greet mosque w/ 2 rak'as upon each entry, even if many times in 1 hour. Once seated, can no longer pray.

Any 2 rak'as suffice: 2 avowed nafl, pre/post sunnas, Fard salah, fard salah w/niyyah of tahiyyatul masjid.
(If enters mosque w/o wudu, says 4 times: SubhanAllahi wal Hamdulillahi wa La Ilaha Illallah wallahuakbar : Sunnah.) Beginning any nafl/sunan when muezzin has begun iqama & thereafter: Makruh.

ISTIKHARA
Jabir (Radhiallahuanhu) relates : The Prophet (Alayhissalaam) used to teach us istikhara for ALL matters, as he would a sura of the Quran. Nafl at home superior than at mosque.

Makruh: Single out Thursday night as special for prayer.

Makruh, Bid'a sayyiah: 12 rak'as betwn maghrib & isha on 1st Thursday night of Rajab. 100 rak'as in mid-Sha'ban. 2 rak'as after each triple recital of Ya Sin on midSha'ban night. So-called prayer of 'Ashura' on 10 Muharram.

SAJDA SAHU
Sunnah.

2 sujud b4 salams when omitted/performed a required (ex: main sunna)/surplus(ex: extra raka) action.
Cant perform if: Deliberately omitted it b4 Salams OR Forgetfully omitted BUT recalled very late. If recalls soon: May prostrate & again finish w/Salams.

Non-muqtadi remembers missed integral AFTER next action: Go back, IF in same raka(Fard) + Sajada-sahu(Sunna).
Muqtadi: Continues w/imam & performs a makeup rak'a.

SAJDA SAHU
Non-muqtadi remembers after CURRENT rak'a: Same integral of next rak'a takes misseds place, prev rak'a doesnt count so: Makeup rak'a + Sajada-sahu. Surplus action ex: Absentmindedly missed ruku, then remembers: Stand up and bow + Sajada-sahu. Having stood twice = Surplus action. No Sajada-sahu when no surplus action: Omits last sajda, remembers b4 Salams & performs it. Even purposely missing main sunna: Sajada-sahu. Misses non-integral or non main-sunna: No Sajada-sahu.

SAJDA SAHU
Doing an unnecessary action which when intentionally done doesnt invalidate prayer (:turning head, taking 1or2 steps): No sajda sahu. Itentionaly reciting part/full Fatiha/Tashahhud at wrong place: Doesnt invalidate prayer BUT still sajda sahu. Unintentional unnecessary action whch invalidates prayer when intentional(Little extraneous speech):Sajda Sahu. Straightening back from ruku & Iqa: 2 brief integrals. Intentionally lengthening them invalidates prayer, Lengthening absentmindedly: sajda sahu. But standing long after ruku in final rak'a of any prayer, Doesnt invalidate it even when intentional/no supplication therein: No sajda sahu.

SAJDA SAHU
If stands up w/o 1st Tashahhud: Haram to return to it. If returns intentionally: Prayer invalid. Cant interrupted a fard (Qiyam)4 a non-fard(Tashahhud) If returns absentmindedly/ignorance: Sajda sahu. Must interrupt Tashahhud & stand up as soon as remembers. If remembers & sits down b4 standing: No sajda sahu. But if intentionally rises then returns after being closer to standing: Prayer invalid. If hadnt yet been that close, or had, but returned absentmindedly/ignorance: Not invalid.

SAJDA SAHU
Same if omits Qunut: Forehead touching ground ~ standing up in above: May return to Qunut b4 1st sajda. If imam misses 1st Tashahhud: Muqtadi MAY not remain seated to recite it himself (Invalidates prayer when done purposely & in awarness of prohibition) UNLESS intends to cease jamaat & finish alone. If muqtadi stands up w/imam who then sits down: Haram to follow him. Muqtadi: Cease jamaat OR remain standing & wait 4 imam to rise. If muqtadi intentionally/well-aware sits down: Invalid.

SAJDA SAHU
If imam in Tashahhud & muqtadi absentmindedly stands: MUST sit again, in deference to his imamat. (Iqtada in what is correct takes priority over starting a fard integral: Thus a latecomer omits Qiyaam & Fatiha to bow w/imam). No sajda sahu when uncertain that he did what calls for it/added a surplus integral/did what was uncalled for. Uncertain if: Omitted a main sunna, did sajda sahu, prayed 3 rak'as or 4, doesnt know/believe probable that done all integrals of a rak'a (w/o all 17, rak'a remains unperformed): Assume that didnt. Do & sajda sahu.

SAJDA SAHU
Doubt of having prayed extra rak'a resolved b4 Salam: Sajda shau 4 rak'a prayed in state of uncertainity. If uncertain during 2nd last rak'a: is it last or 2nd last: & remembers that its 2nd last: Not Sajda sahu. But if remembered AFTER rising 4 last raka: Sajda sahu.

Latecomer sajdas sahu w/imam & again after his prayer. Muqtadi doesnt sajda sahu 4 an individual mistake unless omitted an integral: But does 4 mistakes prejoining jamaat or post imams Salams.
Imam mistaked b4 join: Sajda sahu w/jamat else invalid. Imam neglects sajda sahu: Muqtadi shouldnt. Latecomer absentmindedly finishes w/imam, then remembers: Performs the remainder & sajdah sahu.

SAJDA TILAWAT
Sunna 4 person reciting, listening, hearing.

Imam/lone prayee prostrates 4 own recital. If prostrates on hearing other's recital: Prayer Invalid. Muqtadi prostrates w/imam. If muqtadi doesnt prostrate w/imam, prostrates 4 own recital, non-imams recital: Prayer Invalid.
Reciting a verse FOR prostrating in prayer: Intentionally + well-aware of hurmat: Prayer Invalid. (Except al-Sajda in Friday subh) No harm if ayah-sajda occurs in course of recitation.

SAJDA TILAWAT
14 ayah-sajda: 2 in al-Hajj. Prostration at Sad is sajda-shukr: Only w/o Salah. Purposely prostrating 4 it during salah invalidates it. Sajda-tilawat in prayer: Say takbeer b4 sajdah & when rising: Mustahab. To stand again after it: Fard. Then recite more b4 ruku : Mustahab. Sajda-tilawat w/o prayer: Takbeer Tehreema & Salams= Fard. Takbeer while prostrating & rising= Mustahab. 4 integrals sajda-tilawat/shukr outside prayer: Niyyah, Takbeer Tehreema, Sajda, Salams(seated only).

SAJDA TILAWAT
In/out of prayer: What invalidates normal prayer invalidates sajda-tilawat/shukr & shurut = Their shurut. Time: When last harf of ayah-sajda recited. Sajda-tilawat delayed < time of 2 brief, medium-length rak'as: Can still prostrate. If longer than that: Cant make up. When repeats ayah-tilawat in 1 sitting/1 rak'a & missed sajda 1st time: Accomplished by a single sajda. If didnt miss: Prostrates for all subsequent times. Reciting Quran w/i w/o prayer, Mustahab: Ask 4 mercy/refuge at verses mentioning mercy/punishment.

SAJDA SHUKR

Mustahab whenever a manifest blessing appears in life/ affliction is averted/sees someone Allah has afflicted with disobedience or illness(in this case in private).
Integrals/shurut = of sajda-tilawat w/o prayer. Invalidates prayer if performed during it. Haram: To prostrate w/o occasion merely to humble oneself to Allah to draw near to Him: Bid'a Sayyiaah.

JAMAAT
Fard Kifaya on all male non-travellers 5 times.

Should be public: Small town: Gather somewhere and pray. City: Must Hold in public places so manifestations of obedience to Allah's command are evident. If held in houses w/o any sign, non-publicly: Fard unfulfilled.
Sunna for women/travellers/makeup when imam & Muqtadi performing same type of prayer. Muqtadis makeup behind imam's current/ imams makeup of different type (zuhr behind 'asr etc): Not sunna.

JAMAAT
Jumu'a in jmaat: Fard-Ayn 4 non-travelling muslim men. Strongest demand for jamaat: subh, then 'isha, & then 'asr. Minimal number: Imam + 1 muqtadi. Mens jamaat best at mosque. (Going to mosque manifests jamaat). Best mosque to pray: where most muqtadis. Close mosque w/ few people: Better go to distant w/ more. Unless its imam commits bid'a sayyiaah, is immoral, doesnt consider an integral so (except if: Follower of a different school), going to farther mosque makes jamat at neareby mosque impossible (Only 2 people likely 2 come).

JAMAAT
Women (young or old) better pray at home.

Makruh: Attractive/young woman comes to mosque or her husband permits her. Not young/attractive & temptation unlikely: Not makruh. If jamaat or anywhere: Temptation definite: Going haram.
Temptation definitely preventable: Jamaat = Sunna.

Temptation feared but uncertain: Going makruh.

Least temptation: Appreciating & admiring, then being attracted to/enamored with, & finally, indecencies.

JAMAAT
No demand for jamaat when valid excuse:

Hardship due to rain/snow that soaks clothing. Hardship due heavy mud (soiling/slipping walking thru).
Severe winds at night/dawn. Severe heat/cold, intense darkness at night. Presence of desired food/drink: Should eat enough to take edge off hunger then jamat. Holding back from toilet/breaking wind: 1st relieve then jamat.

Hazard to person.

JAMAAT
Hazard to property (theft/seizure, own/whose obliged to protect. Also bread in oven burnable if left jamaat). Hardship from ailment (Comparable to walking in rain.) Nursing a sick (Relative/friend/stranger if suffers if left unattended) or strongly attached to his stay w/him. Death of relative/friend/spouse. Fear of missing departure of party travelling w/. Having eaten bad odor stuff(raw onions/garlic). Fear meeting who will try 2 collect debt & unable 2 pay. (No other excuse allowed.)

JAMAAT
(at 1st Shart: Muqtadi intend iqtada of imam takbeer or later)Neglecting means prayed alone.

Purposely omits niyyah of iqtada & still praying behind him, aping him by awaiting at length: Prayer Invalid

Brief wait/praying simultaneously w/his: Not invalid.

Iqtada of Muqtadi: Prayer Invalid. If imam done & muqtadi still praying: His iqtada allowed Imam intends imamat OR: He prayed lone, Muqtadis jamaat. Imams niyyah of imamat: Shart for valid Jumu'a.

JAMAAT
Walk to jamaat w/tranquillity: Mustahab. Not to gambol about, speak of disapproved things, or do what is makruh in salah: Sunna. Diligently seek barkat of joining just post imams takbeer tahreema: Mustahab. Begun a nafl when iqama given: Finish b4 joining unless fear that group will finish b4 joining: Interrupt nafl. Begun a fard & iqama given: Turn prayer into a 2-raka nafl & join jamaat: Mustahab. Merely changing intention to iqtada, valid but Makruh. Then if reaches prayer-end b4 jamat: May wait for them in final Tashahhud/finish.

JAMAAT
Start w/jamat then cease iqtada by a silent intention & finish alone: Allowed but makruh when no excuse(illness, unable to endure lengthy recital due weakness/ business/pressing emergency). Late till imam already bowing: Takbeer Tehreema while upright, a 2nd takbeer then ruku: Fard. 2nd takbeer = Sunna. Raka saved if manages takbeer, ruku, momentry stillness b4 imam straightens beyond definitional limit of ruku. If uncertain if imam crossed limits b4/after that position reached: Raka not saved. Muqtadis rak`a doesnt count if imams doesnt: Imam loses wudu/overlooks impurity on his person, mistakenly adds a 5th rak`a.

JAMAAT
If joins after imam straightens from ruku: Follow imam in remaining raka anyhow. If joins just as imam prostrating/sitting for tashahhud: Prostrates/sits w/him, after takbeer standing & w/o 2nd takbeer. If imams 2nd tashahhud coincides w/muqtadis 1st & imam finishes: Stands up w/ takbeer. If doesnt coincide: Rises w/o takbeer. Joining anytime b4 imams Salams: Merit of jamaat attained but less.

JAMAAT
Rak`as prayed b4 imams Salams= Initial rak`as of latecomers & after = vive-versa. Hence, if imam recites qunut in muqtadis joining rak`a: Repeats in own 2nd rak`a. Fard: Follow imam such that each movement begins after he begins it & b4 he finishes the next integral. Highly desirable: Follow imam's spoken integrals similarly, except "Ameen: should be simultaneous w/his. Prayer invalid: Saying takbeer tehreema simultaneously w/imam, or uncertain if did so or not. Makruh: Pray some other part of prayer simultaneously with imam: Merit of jamat lost.

JAMAAT
Makruh: Proceed to an integral ahead of imam: Ruku b4 him: Mustahab 2 return. Lagging/leading imam: integral => Physical, not spoken.

Haram + salah valid: Finish integral b4 imam comes 2 it.

Salah invalid: Finish 2 integrals b4 imam intentionally /knowing its Haram. Absentmindedly/in ignorance: Mot invalidate, but rak`a doesnt count & must add extra rak`a post imams Salams.

LAGGING BEHIND
Until an integral complete: W/O excuse = Makruh. Until 2 integrals complete: W/O excuse= Prayer invalid. Not bowed even after imam straightens: Prayer Valid.

Imam actually begins declining & still not bowed: Prayer invalid even b4 imam starts sajda.
If valid reason: Slow recital due inability (natural or bcause non-Arab), not merely wasaawis, & imam bows: Fard to finish Fatiha, & rapidly catch up w/imam, who shouldnt be > 3 long integrals ahead. (Straightening up & Iqa are short).

LAGGING BEHIND
3 integrals ahead=> bowed, prostrated 1ce,& begun 2nd while muqtadi still in qiyaam. If EVEN more behind (Imam starts to stand): Follows from where he is & performs missed 1s after imams Salams. When imam in ruku/2nd Tashahhud, & realizes that a latee coming to join: Mustahab to wait for him, provided: The person has entered mosque/place of prayer. Wait not very long. Imam's niyyah is obedience to Allah: Not giving distinction to latee: waiting for noble not for lowly. Except above two: Waiting for latee is Makruh.

JAMAAT
When mosque has assigned imam (by incharge/as a condition of waqf)+ mosque not in a busy location: Makruh 4 another to commence jamat w/o imam's permission. Already prayed fard alone/jamat, & finds another Jamat: Mustahab to repeat w/them, intending fard prayer. Rewarded as nafl. Imam keeps recital brief: Mustahab. (< max desirable for lone musalli) If NO muqtadi minds: Mustahab to lengthen recital. (Every muqtadis opinion must be known: Cant prolong at a busy place: people often join after imam begins.)

JAMAAT
Imam stops recital due uncertainty: Muqtadi reminds what next: Mustahab. (When merely hesitates: Doesnt remind him) Imam forgets a dhikr: Muqtadi says it so he can hear. Forgets an action: Remind by saying "Subhan Allah" (w/ intention of dhikr). Imam remembers that action missed: Performs it. Doesnt remember: Cant perform just because muqtadis are reminding: even if many. (More reliable opinion: If >=4 remind: Do.)

JAMAAT
Imam omits fard element (& doesnt return to it): Muqtadi cease: Iqtada: Fard. Imam omits sunna which muqtadi cant add w/o much lagging (:1st Tashahhud): Haram to add it. If adds intentionally/knowing hurmat: Prayer invalid. May cease iqtada to perform sunna alone. IF sunna addable quickly(:brief sit b4 rising): May add. Same when imam omits Qunut: May perform if can catch up w/imam b4 he lifts head from 2nd sajda: If imam lifts head & muqtadi not even at 1st sajda nor intended to cease iqtada: Prayer invalid.

JAMAAT
Imam ceases prayer due loss of wudu etc: May choose successor to complete the rest: Successor should b eligible 4 imamat. Jamaat performs entire integral post imams ceasing No need to CHOOSE successor: Any muqtadi will suffice (even latee). When latee finishes leading: Finishes his own & signals jamat to cease iqtada. Better: Signals them to wait for him in 2nd Tashahhud. If latee unaware which rak`a imam was in: Observes by looking L/R to see if muqtadis sitting/ready to rise. If latter, he rises else sits in a Tashahhud.

JAMAAT
Non-muqtadi can be a successor, provided he is picked in 1st/3rd rak`a. Cant be picked in 2nd/4th raka as order of his prayer wont correspond to theirs, he not being committed to the imam's order. Muqtadis neednt intend to follow successor. They may each simply break off and finish alone. If imam chooses but they put forward another: Their choice takes precedence.

IMAMATE
Right of imamat(in descending) belongs to:

Most learned in ahkam-as-Salah. (Even if he can only recite Fatiha)

Who has memorized the most Quran. Most muttaqi. Who has been a Muslim longest. The noblest in lineage. One w/best life history/reputation. Cleanest in person & clothes. Best of voice. Most handsome.

If >1 w/all above qualities equal: Draw lots.

IMAMATE
Imam assigned to a mosque/person living in house where praying, even if only renting, takes precedence over everyone: But he may select anyone he wishes to lead. The sultan & under him: Qadis, regional governors etc. Take precedence over all above. Following precedence even when latter more learned: 1) nontraveller over traveller. 2) Upright person over a corrupt. 3) Adult over a child. Sighted/blind are equally eligible to lead.

IMAMATE
Makruh to lead if most dislike him for a sharai reason (: wrongdoing, not careful regarding najasa, blameworthy income, accompanying oppressors/immorals etc.)

Cant do iqtada of non-Muslim, insane, wudu-less, janab, najasa on clothes/body, woman leading men, who omits/ mispronounces a harf of Fatiha leading who doesnt, a mute, 1 who slurs words so huruf indistinct, 1 w/a lisp.
If finds that imam was from above: Must make up. Unless imam had invisible filth upon him/or was wuduless, janab.

IMAMATE
Jamat valid even when: 1) Imam praying nafl & muqtadi fard or vice versa. 2) Imam praying zuhr & muqtadi subh etc. 3) Imam praying sitting & muqtadi standing, vice versa. 4) Imam praying qada & muqtadi ada or vice versa. (Traveller shortening prayer maynt prey behind imam praying full number.) Valid for shafi`i to follow imam of different school whenever uncertain that he omitted a fard of prayer. If certain that imam has omitted: cant follow him. Imamat of immoral, stutterer over letter f/t, maker of inconsequential mistakes in Arabic vowelling: Makruh.

SHURUT OF IQTADA
>=2 male muqtadis: Stand behind the imam: Sunna. Single stands on imam's right, then if 2nd arrives, stands to imam's left, says takbeer, then both muqtadis move back little by little. If cant move back for space: imam moves forward. Men form front rows, then boys, & finally women. Wife prays in a separate row behind the husband. Woman leading women: Stands in middle of 1st row. If men's back row incomplete: Completed w/boys whom latee cant remove to make place for himself unless directly behind imam.

SHURUT OF IQTADA
Imam's place higher/lower than muqtadis: Makruh. Unless imam wishes to teach. If imam/muqtadi outside mosque, Fard: Part of imam's body should be level w/part of muqtadis when both of avg height.

Latee doesnt find place in last row: Stand behind it, say takbeer: Then signal 1 to stand w/him, drawing him back. Person selected cooperate by stepping back: Mustahab. (This only if latee doesnt expect anyone else to come).
Muqtadis heel forward than imam's: Prayer invalid. He should be atleast little farther back than imam's heel. If > 1.44m, then no sawab of jamaat.

SHURUT OF IQTADA
In a mosque, jamat is valid irrespective of distance from each other, chambers in which they are: 1 on roof (even w/closed doors)& 1 in mosque's well, provided: Both places open onto the mosque. Muqtadi can know when imam changes states, whether by seeing him or hearing his muballigh. Multiple interconnected mosques opening onto each other = 1 mosque: So also the mosque's outer courtyards, even if a walkway separates the courtyard and mosque.

MAX GAP BETWN IMAM & MUQTADIS

Imam & muqtadi in open expanse: Desert/large house: Jamat valid if distance betwnem <= 144m (apprx). If many rows: Max inter-row distance= 144m even if last row miles from imam, fire/river/busy street betwn them. Imam in 1 bldg, muqtadi in another OR house/inn/school: Imam in courtyard & muqtadi on a porch, or vice-versa: Max distance again 144m: Provided nothing obstructs muqtadis passage to imam (ex: A latticework window) & nothing prevents muqtadi from seeing him (ex: A closed door).

MAX GAP BETWN IMAM & MUQTADIS

Jamat valid when imam in mosque, muqtadi in adjoining space, Provided <= 144m betwn muqtadi & edge of mosque, & betwn muqtadi & mosque no breach-less barrier.
Breach: ex: muqtadi standing b4 a wall's open gate. Then prayer of those behind him/in row w/him also valid. But not valid if he turns from gate, or if wall/window/closed door lies betwn him & imam.

FORBIDDEN TIMES
For purely nafl prayers: Sunrise to when sun a spear's length above horizon: A distance = Sun's diameter appears betwn it & horizon. Time when sun at zenith until it moves on. When sun yellows b4 sunset until after it sets. After praying current Fajr. After praying current `asr.

FORBIDDEN TIMES
At these times nawafil w/ reasons: funeral prayer, tahiyyatul masjid, tahiyyatul wudu, qada: Can be prayed. But not those whose reasons not yet ocurred: 2 sunna rak`as b4 entering ihram. No time makruh for praying w/i Haram. Prayer when Friday sun at zenith : Not makruh anywhere.

PRAYER OF A SICK
Standing involves manifest hardship, will cause illness, worsen present illness, cause vertigo(as on a ship): May pray seated any way he likes but iftirash Mustahab. Seated on ground, palms down, knees drawn up, or w/ legs outstretched: Makruh when no excuse. Then minimal ruku: Incline until forehead farther than knees. Optimal: Incline until forehead far as place where head rests in sajda. If unable to ruku/sujud: Bring forehead as close to ground as can. If unable: Then by nodding.

PRAYER OF A SICK
If an abscess etc. prevents sitting: Iqa/tashahhud standing but w/niyyah of sitting. Can stand but suffers a painful swelling of eyes, wound whose treatment requires patient 2 remain lying down etc. & reliable physician (i.t.o knowledge & expertise in medicine) tells that praying on back will enable treatment: Permissible to pray lying down. Unable to stand & sit: Lie on R-side (mustahab) facing qibla w/face & front of body: But must ruku/sujud if possible: Stand up enough to bow & bow, then sajda or sit & bow.

PRAYER OF A SICK
If cant: Bring forehead as near to ground as possible, deeper for sujud than ruku. If cant even nod: Merely glance down for ruku/sujud. If not even this much: Go through integrals in mind. If unable to speak: Recite Fatiha in heart. Prayer fard as long as able to reason. If becomes unable to remain standing: Sits & finish. If this during the Fatiha: Continue non-stop as sitting. If condition improves enough: Must stand & complete.

SHORTENING PRAYERS
Permissible: zuhr, asr & `isha: 2 rak`as each, given:

1. Not travelling for a disobedience to Allah. (Ex: wife travelling against husband's wishes)
2. On journey >= 81 km./50 mi one way. (no matter how fast covered.) May also kasr when misses & makes-up on trip. Not if misses at home & makes up on trip & vice-versa. 2 routes, 1 shorter than what permits kasr:

SHORTENING PRAYERS
May kasr if chooses longer for valid purpose: Safety/convenience/recreation. But chooses longer only to take dispensation: Not valid. Purely recreational trips w/o disobedience: Mubah but no travel dispensations. Destination must be known: If wife travelling w/husband/ soldier w/Leader & dont know destination: Cant kasr b4 81km. No kasr if changes intent of legal trip to disobedience. Kasr if commits disobedience on legitimate trip.

SHORTENING PRAYERS
BEGINNING OF JOURNEY

City w/ walls: Begin kasr when beyond them, even if some buildings outside them.
No walls: When beyond the last buildings, excluding farms, orchards, and cemeteries. Buildings extend to next city: When at home city limits/edge of town by urf. Desert man: When passes beyond his people's tents. Valley man: When crossed distance = valley's width. Hill man: When comes down from it. Gorge man: When climbs out of it.

SHORTENING PRAYERS
END OF JOURNEY

On reaching hometown. As well as:

1) By niyyah to stay >= 4 full daysarrive/depart days.

2) By staying 4 full days arrival/departure days.

Unless: Intends to leave as soon as task, expected to end any moment, ends. Qasr in this case up to 18 days max. Holds even for jihad.

SHORTENING PRAYERS
CONDITIONS FOR QASR:

1. Legitimate trip. 2. >= 81km 1 way. 3. Destination known. 4. Prayer start to end on trip. (Vehicle arrives b4 end: Pray full)
5. Niyyah of Qasr coincide w/ takbeer tehrima. (Not valid if made after this) 6. No part in iqtada of imam praying full. 7. Awareness that qasr permissible on travel. 8. Niyyah be doubt/vacillation free.

SHORTENING PRAYERS
Pray full if: 1) 4 day stay niyyah occurs during prayer. 2) Uncertain if intended qasr or not, but soon recalls that did intend it. 3) Vacillates in niyyah betwn praying qasr or not.

4) Unaware if imam is qasring or not:But valid to intend: Will qasr if imam qasrs, not if doesnt, and then to do this.

JOINING PRAYERS
Zuhr & `asr during time of either, Jumu`a & `asr during time of asr, Maghrib & isha during time of either. Permissible: Provided trip meets shurut for qasr. If stops (:2 rest) during 1sts time: Best time 2 join. Travelling steadily during 1sts time: 2nds time better.

JOINING PRAYERS
Shurut for jama during 1sts time: 1. Trip continue till both finished. 2. 1st be prayed 1st. 3. Niyyah to join occur b4 finishing 1st: Coincide w/ takbeer tehrima OR during prayer. 4. Inter-prayer delay not > 2 briefest possible rakas. Brief search 4 water by tayammumi fine. 2nd invalid if prayed b4 1st: Must repeated post 1st.

Must wait to pray 2nd until its own time if: 1) Trip ends b4 praying 2nd. 2) Neglects niyyah of jama during 1st. 3)Waits at length between them.

JOINING PRAYERS
If prayed both & trip ends: Remain valid.

Shurut for jama during 2nds time: Shurut of qasr + Niyyah of jama b4 end of 1sts time: By interval which could contain at least 1 rak`a.
If neglects: Sinned & 1st becomes qada. Mustahab for jama during 2nds time: 1) Pray 1st b4 2nd 2) Not pause at length betwn them. 3) Niyyah of jama be present during one prayed 1st.

JOINING PRAYERS
JOINING BECAUSE OF RAIN Zuhr & `asr during time of Zuhr, Jumu`a & `asr during time of Jumu`a, Maghrib & isha during time of Maghrib. Permissible if: 1. Raining hard enough to wet clothing. (Melted snow or hail = rain) 2. Praying w/ jamaat. 3. Mosque is far by urf. 4. Raining when 1st begins, ends, & when 2nd begins. 5. 2,3,4 shurut of jama at 1sts time on trip. For more details see book!

JOINING PRAYERS
PRAYING THE SUNNA RAK`AS

Joining `asr & zuhr in zuhr, pray: Pre-zuhr sunnas, Zuhr, Asr, Post-zuhr sunnas, Pre-asr sunnas.
Joining isha & maghrib in maghrib, pray: Pre-maghrib sunnas, maghrib, Isha, Pre/Post-Isha sunnas, Witr. Their order is sunna.

JUMU`A
Fard-al-ayn. Finest of salah. Best day of week. Arkan, shurut = Other salahs. Fard for whom zuhr fard. Except: Women, legal travellers (who began journey b4 dawn), even if trip < 81km 1way. Excuses to leave jamat = Excuses to leave jumua. Eligible Muslims in a village where < 40 men: Must go to larger town, when its close that adhan from it audible to them normally, given a calm wind. Audible: Loud mans call from towns village-face audible to a normal hearing man in villages town-face. If such a call inaudible: Jumua not fard for villagers.

JUMU`A
Following, for whom jumua not fard, but present at mosque, must pray jumua: 1) A sick for whom waiting for jumua poses no hardship, provided he arrives after noon. 2) A blind. 3) He whose excuse is muddy terrain. Others for whom jumua not fard may offer jumua or zuhr.

JUMU`A
If they want to pray zuhr in jamat & their uzr not obvious to onlookers: Should conceal their Jamat. Displaying it: Makruh.

Person w/ jumua uzr believes that uzr may disappear (ex: a sick): Delay zuhr until no hope to attend jumua.
If uzr not expected to cease (ex:a woman): Mustahab to pray zuhr at earliest time. If jumua fard then Zuhr invalid until missed it. (Finished & he hasnt attended).

JUMU`A
Additional shurut for jumu`a: 1. Jamaat. 2. Time of zuhr. 3. After 2 khutbas. 4. Venue be among dwellings of the community. 5. >=40(including imam) baligh, sane, local men. 6. Where no hardship for all pray at 1 venue, there be no other jumua prior to/simultaneous(in takbeer) w/ it. A jamat praying jumua must finish it as zuhr if: 1) Muqtadis become <40 during it. 2) Zuhr time ends during the prayer. If jamat doubts b4 starting that they will finish w/in time: Must begin zuhr.

JUMU`A
Additional shurut for jumu`a:

1. Jamaat.
2. Time of zuhr.

3. After 2 khutbas.
4. Venue be among dwellings of the community.

5. >=40(including imam) baligh, sane, local men.

6. Where no hardship for all pray at 1 venue, there be no other jumua prior to/simultaneous(in takbeer) w/ it.

JUMU`A
A jamat praying jumua must finish it as zuhr if: 1) Muqtadis become <40 during it. 2) Zuhr time ends during the prayer. If jamat doubts b4 start that they will finish w/in time: Must begin zuhr. Where single venue is a hardship (as in Cairo/Baghdad): Can hold as many jumua as are needed.

Where no hardship (as Mecca/Medina): If 2 jumua held, 1st in takbeer is jumua: 2nd invalid (Reprayed). If unclear which 1st: Start over together as 1 jumua.

JUMU`A
KHUTBA 5 arkan & their order is sunna: 1,2,3 below fard in both sermons, 4 in either, 5 must occur in 2nd: 1. Saying "al-Hamdu lillah. 3. 2. Darood.

Enjoining taqwa: Sufficient to say "Obey Allah.

4. Reciting 1 ayah that conveys an intended meaning: promise, threat, exhortation etc. 5. Supplicate for believers hereafter.

JUMU`A
KHUTBA Sermon w/ 2 chains, 1 to Ibn Mas`ud (radhiAllahuanhu)& other through him to the Prophet(Alayhissalaam): "Praise is truly Allah's. We praise Him, seek His help, & ask His forgiveness. We seek refuge in Allah from the evils of our selves & our bad actions. Whomever Allah guides none can lead astray, & whomever He leads astray has no one to guide him. I testify that there is no god but Allah alone, without any partner, & that Muhammad is His slave & messenger. Allah bless him & give him peace, with his folk & Companions. O you who believe: fear Allah as He should be feared, & do not die other than as Muslims. Then (4:1) This covers 1,2,3 & 4(Rest may be in any language): After sitting briefly, says, "al-Hamdu lillah," & darood, Enjoins taqwa, & must add a dua for Muslims: Allahumma-ghfir lil-mu'minin wal-mu'minat.

JUMU`A
SHURUT OF KHUTBAS 1. Speaker be hadath/janaba/najasa free. 2. Awrah be covered. 3. Sermons occur during zuhr b4 2 rak`as of jumua. 4. Speaker be standing during them (if able). 5. Sits down between the two. 6. Loud enough for 40 to hear the sermons' arkaan.

JUMU`A
SUNNAS OF KHUTBAS 1) Speaker stand on a minbar/high place to right of mihrab on the right side of the minbar. 2) Say "as-Salamu `alaykum" to presents when he enters mosque & when reaches his seat on minbar.

3) Sit until the muezzin finishes 2nd adhan.

4) When speaking: lean on a sword/bow/stick in L-hand. Desirable to put R-hand on pulpit. If no sword etc.: Keep hands still by placing R upon L or dropping them to sides. Doesnt move fidget w/them. 5) Face jamat during both sermons. Turning R/L during them: Bida sayyiah. Desirable that listeners face speaker.

JUMU`A
DESCRIPTION

2 rak`as.
Sunna: Recite entire al-Jumu`a in 1st rak`a. (Brief khutbas, long rakas) al-Munafiqun in 2nd . Sometimes al-A`la in 1st al-Ghashiya in 2nd. Latee who joins in time to bow & remain still a moment while imam still in 2nd rak`a ruku: Achieved Jumua. If later than this: Missed jumua, but fard to still intend jumua & follow imam then finish as zuhr. (In case imam has to repeat a rak`a: latee will have attended jumua).

JUMU`A
MUSTAHABBAAT Ghusl. Not doing b4 going 2 jumua: Makruh. May be done anytime after dawn. If unable to bathe: May do tayammum. Cleaning teeth w/siwak, trimming nails, removing bodily hair, eliminating offensive odors, wearing perfume & finest clothes (white is best).

Imam dresses better than anyone else.

(Above take time. So visits on Friday mornings: makruh) Makruh: Women attend jumua w/ perfume/fine clothes.

JUMU`A
MUSTAHABBAAT Arrive early: Best time = from dawn on. (Everyone besides imam, to take a seat & wait 4 prayer) Come afoot in tranquility/dignity, not ride unless an excuse: age, weakness, distance: Fatigue of walking which would obviate humility & presence of mind. Sit near to imam. Dhikr: On the way/at mosque b4 sermon, Quran & darood. Non-imam, w/o need, steps over people to reach a place among them: Makruh. Unless sees a vacant spot unreachable otherwise.

JUMU`A
Haram: Make a sitter in mosque rise, then sit in his place. Unless he rises voluntarily. Makruh: Give-up a place close to imam, put others ahead in performing any act of worship. "People keep staying behind until Allah keeps them behind." Permissible: Send another to mosque to save place by spreading something out. Also permissible for another to move it aside & sit down in its place.

JUMU`A
Makruh (not haram): Speak/pray during khutba. More reliable: Prayer during Khutba= Haram : If already sitting in mosque, not if just arrived.

Latee arrives when imam speaking/seated on pulpit: Should pray 2 brief rak`as to greet mosque.
If prayer o/s mosque: Intend 2 rak`as pre-jumua sunna. If already prayed these at home: Sit w/o praying. Makruh: Latee omits tahiyyatul masjid.

JUMU`A
If enters at end of sermon & fears that praying will prevent takbeer w/jamat: Remain standing till they rise: So tahiyyatul masjid done w/fard . Mustahab: Recite al-Kahf & Darood night b4 & ON Friday.

Mustahab: Supplicate Allah much, seeking moment when prayers are answered:
"There is a moment on Friday when the slave shall not ask Allah for anything save that He will give it to him", which lies betwn when imam 1st sits on pulpit & when prayer finishes. (Muttafaqun alayhi) Others deem it occurs after asr.

EIDAIN
Sunna Muakkada. Mustahab in jamat. Time: Sunrise to noon. Mustahab to offer post sun spear's length above horizon. Best in mosque if theres room: Else better outdoors. MUSTAHAB MEASURES Eat nothing b4 prayer on `Eid al-Adha. Eat odd no. of dates b4 prayer on `Eid al-Fitr. Ghusl after dawn, even if not attending prayer. Its time starts at midnight. Wear perfume, dress 1s best, young boys in good clothes. Women who dont attract men's attention may attend: W/o wearing perfume/fine clothes. Makruh: Attractive woman attendance.

EIDAIN
Sunnas: 1. Come early after subh on foot. 2. Return home by a different route. 3. Imam delay arrival until prayer time. 4. Call people w/words "The prayer is gathering".

DESCRIPTION
2 rakas:

Excluding 1st takbeer, 7 takbeer in 1st raka: Post Istiftah & Pre-Ta'awwudh.
5 in 2nd raka Pre-Ta'awwudh.

EIDAIN
Rafal-yadayn at each takbeer & dhikr betwn each w/ R-hand on L: SubHanAllah-AlHamdulillah Fewer/More takbeer: No sajda sahu. Forgets all & says Ta`awwudh: Cant return to them. Qaf in 1st, al-Qamar in 2nd raka: Mustahab. Or al-A`la in 1st, al-Ghashiya in 2nd raka. Or al-Kafirun in 1st, al-Ikhlas in 2nd raka Then 2 khutba like jumua: Except shurut 3,4,5. Open 1st sermon w/ 9 takbeer & 2nd w/7.

Imam may sit during the sermons.

EIDAYN
Two types of takbeer for `Eidayn:

Unrestricted: Not confined to any circumstance: Recited in mosques, homes, streets:

Sunna: Recite from maghrib b4 each `Eid till imams takbeer tehrima for Eid. Restricted: Recited after prayers only.

Sunna for `Eid al-Adha only:

From zuhr on `Eid day to Subh on 4th day.

More reliable: From fajr of `Arafa to `asr on 4th day.

EIDAYN
Recited sirran: By/post ALL categories of people/prayer. But not 4 prayer missed during & made up post tashreeh. Takbeer 3ice & then wa lillahil hamd Commendable to add: "Much praise be to Allah. Glory to Him morning & evening. There is no god but Allah. Him alone we worship, making our religion sincerely His though the unbelievers be averse. There is no god but Allah alone. He fulfilled His promise, gave victory to His slave, strengthened His army, and vanquished Confederates alone.There is no god but Allah. Allah is ever greatest" Mustahab to say takbeer on 1st 10 days of Dhul Hijja whenever one sees a head of livestock.

DRESS
Men/Women wearing tight clothes disclosing size Of body parts that are awrah: Makruh/Haram. Men/Women wearing silk/using anyway, even cloth lining: Haram/not-haram. Use as padding in cloak/pillow/mattress: Permissible. May dress a pre-pubescent child in it. Imam Ghazali attributes its hurmat to its effeminacy/softness: Unbecoming of men.

DRESS
Men may: Use fabric composed partly of silk if weight of silk <= 0.5 of weight of fabric. Embroider w/silk thread if design width <= 4 fingers.

Use silk to cover awrah when real need: severe heat/cold & no garment, prevent itching, protection from lice.
Can wear garment affected by najasa: For acts for which purity not a shart & NOT inside mosque(except need). Wear untanned leather from carcass of non-zabiha: Haram. Except when pressing need: Sudden war etc.

DRESS
Any amount of gold jewelry, even a ring's stone holder: Haram for men. Men cant wear gold painted/plated objects: But CAN if these tarnish & gold unapparent.

Can repair teeth with gold.

Men/women wearing silver ring: Halal. Sunna for men: On either little finger. Men may decorate battle weapons w/silver, but not ridding gear, nor an inkwell, writing utensil case, work knife, penknife, lamp fixture-even if in a mosque.

DRESS
Men cant have other silver jewelry: Necklace, armband, bracelet, crown etc. Cant embellish ceiling/walls of house, mosque, even the Kaaba w/ gold or silver: Its wasteful & not reported from the salaf. Slight amount unmeltable by fire: May remain. If more then it must be removed.

Using cloth for interior decoration in houses: Makruh. Ex: Curtains merely for decoration. But can be used to screen a room from view. Not even for shrines at tombs of righteous & learned.

DRESS
Decorating walls w/pictures of animate life: Haram.

Men/Women may decorate mushafs/embellish words w/silver.

Women may have gold decorated mushafs: Haram for men.

All gold jewelry permissible for women: Even on shoes, woven into fabric: IF not wasteful.
If a woman wasteful, ex: has 720g gold anklet: Haram. (No limit on no. of avg-weight pieces) Gold is only permitted to women for beauty: When exceeds normal it is repulsive/devoid of beauty. Zakat must be paid on such wasteful jewelry.

MORE PRAYERS

PRAYER OF PERIL ECLIPSE PRAYER DROUGHT PRAYER

Refer Book!