1&2 The DBMS Manages the Interaction Between the End User and the Database

1&2 The Database System Environment (continued)

1&2

DBMS Functions
1. Data dictionary management
defines data elements (data structure) and their relationships (meta data) provide data abstraction,remove structural + data dependency stores data and related data entry forms, data validation, report definitions, etc. translates logical requests into commands to physically locate and retrieve the requested data (data independence)

2. Data storage management

3. Data transformation and presentation

1&2

DBMS Functions (continued)

4. Security management
enforces user security and data privacy (who can access to which data + what operations they can perform)

5. Multi-user access control

creates structures that allow multiple users to access the data

6. Backup and recovery management

provides backup and data recovery procedures

1&2

DBMS Functions (continued)

7. Data integrity management
promotes and enforces integrity rules to eliminate data integrity problems (minimize redundancy, maximize consistency)

8. Database communication interfaces

allows database to accept end-user requests within a computer network environment accept user request through network, web browser

1&2

DBMS Functions (continued)

9. Database access languages and application programming interfaces
query language nonprocedural language Data Definition Language (DDL) define structure in which data are stored Data Manipulation Language (DML) allow user to extract data from database

Illustrating Metadata with Microsoft Access

1&2

Illustrating Data Storage Management with Oracle

1&2

1&2

Types of Databases classified by # of users:

1. Single-user supports only one user at a time
Desktop user single-user database running on a personal computer

2. Multi-user supports multiple users at the same time

Workgroup supports a small group of users or a single department

Enterprise supports a large group of users or an entire organization

1&2 Types of Databases classified by location of DB:

1. Centralized:
Supports data located at a single site

2. Distributed:
Supports data distributed across several sites

10

1&2 Types of Databases classified by uses of DB:

1. Transactional / Production supports a companys day-to-day operations time-critical, accurate, immediate recording of data emphasize on : data integrity, consistency, operational speed 2. Data warehouse / DSS: stores data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions (middle to high extract historical data (time factor not critical), and aggregated data from many sources eg)) Use to make pricing decision, sale forecast, market positioning
11

1&2

Database vs. File System

File system
Many separate and unrelated files

Database
Logically related data stored in a single logical data repository
eliminate data inconsistency, data anomalies

12

1&2

Contrasting Database and File Systems

13

1&2

Database Design and Modeling

Model abstraction of real world events or objects Data model collection of logical constructs used to represent the data structure, characteristics, relations, constraints and transformations found in the database help in easier database design good model good DB design good application

14

1&2

Data Model Basic Building Blocks

Entity
Anything (person, thing, place, event) about which data are to be collected and stored Customer, agent, order

Attribute
Characteristic of an entity Customer first name, phone, address

Relationship
Association among two or more entities An agent can serve many customers, a customer may be served by one agent. One-to-Many (1:M) Many-to-Many (M:N) One-to-One (1:1)
15

1&2

Business Rules
Brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy, procedure, or principle within a specific organizations environment Apply to any organization that stores and uses data to generate information

Description of operations that help to create and enforce actions within that organizations environment Define entities, attributes, relationships and constraints
16

1&2

Business Rules (continued)

Must be rendered in writing

Must be kept up to date

Must be easy to understand and widely disseminated

Describe characteristics of the data as viewed by the company

17

1&2

Importance of Business Rules

Standardize companys view of data Constitute a communications tool between users and designers Allow designer to understand the nature, role, and scope of data Allow designer to understand business processes Allow designer to develop appropriate relationship participation rules and constraints

18

1&2

Sources of Business Rules

Company managers

Policy makers
Department managers Written documentation
Procedures
Standards Operations manuals

Direct interviews with end users

19

1&2 Business Rules for Video Rental shop Sample

A customer may or may not register as a member Only member can get discount A movie have many copies A rental can contain maximum of 3 movies copies A movie copies can be rented in many rental A rental must be returned within 3 days

20

1&2

Evolution of Data Models:

Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model Entity-Relationship Model Object-Oriented Model

21

1&2

The Hierarchical ModelEvolution

GUAM (Generalized Update Access Method)
Based on the recognition that the many smaller parts would come together as components of still larger components

Best understood by examining manufacturing process Best for 1:M relationship that remain fixed over time (same part, same way)

22

1&2

A Hierarchical Models Logical Structure

23

1&2 Hierarchical Database StructureCharacteristics

hierarchy of segments (= records) Each parent can have many children 1:M Each child has only one parent Hierarchical path
Preorder traversal or hierarchic sequence (Left-list path) start from root For efficient data access, most frequently accessed segment closest to left

24

1&2

Network Database ModelBasic Structure

Resembles hierarchical model (collection of records in 1:M relationships) unlike as it also support M:N relationship Set/Relationship (explicit)
Composed of at least two record types
Owner = hierarchical models parent Member = hierarchical models child (can have > 1 owners)

25

1&2

A Network Data Model

26

1&2 The Relational Database ModelBasic Structure

implemented through Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
Performs same basic functions provided by hierarchical and network DBMS systems ++

advantage : able to let the user/designer operate in a human logical environment

RDBMS will manage the physical detail

27

The Relational Database Model Basic Structure (continued)

Table (relations)
Matrix consisting of a series of row/column intersections Related to each other by sharing a common entity characteristic (eg. CUSTOMER table relates to AGENT
table by AGENT_CODE)

1&2

Relational schema
Visual representation of relational databases entities, attributes of entities, and relationships between entities

28

1&2

A Relational Schema

29

1&2

Linking Relational Tables

30

1&2

The Relational Database Model

Advantages Structural independence change db structure without the need to change application Improved conceptual simplicity focus on how human see data (ignore physical data storage characteristics) Easier database design, implementation, management, and use Ad hoc query capability SQL (4GL) Powerful database management system hide system complexity (physical structure) from designer and end user

31

1&2

The Relational Model (continued)

Disadvantages
Substantial hardware and system software overhead

Easy-to-use
poor design and implementation (slow system + data anomalies)

promote islands of information problems (each department create their own database)

32

1&2

The Entity Relationship Data Model

Graphical representation of entities and their relationships in a database structure Introduced by Chen in 1976 Crows Foot Model

33

The Entity Relationship Model Basic Structure

Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
Uses graphic representations to model database components Entity is mapped to a relational table Entity set/ Entity = collection of like entities Entity instance / occurrence = row in table Attribute = characteristics of entity Relationship = association among data (diamond shape) Connectivity labels types of relationships
One-to-Many (1:M) Many-to-Many (M:N) One-to-One (1:1)

1&2

34

1&2

Relationships: The Basic Chen ERD

35

Relationships: The Basic Crows Foot ERD

1&2

36

The Entity Relationship Model Basic Structure

Advantage

1&2

conceptual view visual representation effective communication tools among (database designer, programmers, managers, end users)

Disadvantage
limited constraints representation (eg. GPA between 0 and 4.0) limited relationship representation only between entities, not within entity (eg. classification and credit completed) loss of information content crowed model so ignore attribute mapping

37

1&2

The Object Oriented Model

collection of objects (object = data+ relationships) Now ,object attributes + relationship + behaviors unlike ERD Model (entity set) attribute characteristic (name, ssc#, dob) Behaviors/Method real-world action (find PERSONs name, print address) Class group objects that share similar characteristics and behavior EG. PERSON Classes are organized in Class hierarchy 1 class : 1 parent (PERSON:CUSTOMER),(PERSON,EMPLOYEE) Inheritance ability of an object within the class hierarchy to inherit the attributes and methods of classes above it
38

A Comparison of the OO Model and the ER Model

1&2

39

1&2

The Development of Data Models

40

The SQL environment Following Fig. Shows a schematic of an SQL environment Each database is contained in a catalog, which describes any object that is part of the database (regardless of which user created that object). Most companies keep at least two versions of any database they are using. PROD_C is the live production version, which captures real business data and this must be very tightly controlled and monitored. DEV_C is the development version used when the database is being built and continues to serve as a development tool where enhancements and maintenance efforts can be tested before application to the production database. Each database will have a set of schemas associated 41 with a catalog.

1&2

1&2
A simplified

schematic of a typical SQL

environment

42

1&2

3 types of SQL commands

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) commands - that define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands that maintain and query a database 3. Data Control Language (DCL) commands - that control a database, including administering privileges and committing data

43

1&2
DDL,

DML, DCL, and the database development pr

44

SQL Data types

1&2

CHAR(n) fixed-length character data, n characters long Maximum length = 2000 bytes

VARCHAR2(n) variable length character data,

maximum 4000 bytes LONG variable-length character data, up to 4GB. Maximum 1 per table NUMBER(p,q) general purpose numeric data type INTEGER(p) signed integer, p digits wide FLOAT(p) floating point in scientific notation with p binary digits precision DATE fixed-length date/time in dd-mm-yy form

45

1&2

Syntax used in these notes

Capitals = command syntax (may not be required by the RDBMS) Lowercase = values that must be supplied by user Brackets = enclose optional syntax Ellipses (...) = indicate that the accompanying syntactic clause may be repeated as necessary Each SQL command ends with a semicolon ; In interactive mode, when the user presses the RETURN key, the SQL command will execute

46

1&2

SQL Database Definition

Data Definition Language (DDL) has these major CREATE statements: CREATE SCHEMA defines a portion of the database owned by a particular user. Schemas are dependent on a catalog and contain schema objects, including base tables and views, domains, constraints, assertions, character sets, collations etc. CREATE TABLE defines a new table and its columns. The table may be a base table or a derived table. Tables are dependent on a schema. Derived tables are created by executing a query that uses one or more tables or views.
47

1&2

SQL Database Definition

CREATE VIEW defines a logical table from one or more tables or views. There are limitations on updating data through a view. Where views can be updated, those changes can be transferred to the underlying base tables originally referenced to create the view.

48

1&2

SQL database definition

Each of the previous create commands may be reversed using a DROP command, so DROP TABLE will destroy a table (including its definitions, contents and any schemas or views associated with it) Usually only the table creator may delete the table DROP SCHEMA and DROP VIEW will also delete the named schema or view. ALTER TABLE may be used to change the definition of an existing table

49

1&2

Creating tables
Once data model is designed and normalised, the columns needed for each table can be defined using the CREATE TABLE command. The syntax for this is shown in the following Fig. These are the seven steps to follow: 1. Identify the appropriate datatype for each , including length and precision 2. Identify those columns that should accept null values. Column controls that indicate a column cannot be null are established when a table is created and are enforced for every update of the table 50

1&2

Creating tables
3. Identify those columns that need to be UNQUE when the data in that column must have a different value (no duplicates) for each row of data within that table. Where a column or set of columns is designated as UNIQUE, this is a candidate key. Only one candidate key may be designated as a PRIMARY KEY 4. Identify all primary key-foreign key mates. Foreign keys can be established immediately or later by altering the table. The parent table in such a parentchild relationship should be created first. The column constraint REFERENCES can be used to enforce referential integrity

51

1&2

Creating tables
5. Determine values to be inserted into any columns for which a DEFAULT value is desired - can be used to define a value that is automatically inserted when no value is provided during data entry. 6. Identify any columns for which domain specifications may be stated that are more constrained than those established by data type. Using CHECK it is possible to establish validation rules for values to be inserted into the database 7. Create the table and any desired indexes using the CREATE TABLE and CREATE INDEX statements
52

Table creation
General

1&2

syntax for CREATE TABLE

53

1&2

Table creation
The following Fig. Shows SQL database definition commands Here some additional column constraints are shown, and primary and foreign keys are given names For example, the CUSTOMER tables primary key is CUSTOMER_ID The primary key constraint is named CUSTOMER_PK, without the constraint name a system identifier would be assigned automatically and the identifier would be difficult to read

54

SQL database definition commands for Pine Valley Furniture

1&2

55

STEP 1

1&2
Defining

attributes and their data types

56

STEP2

1&2
Non-nullable

specifications

Note:

primary keys should not be null

57

STEP 3

1&2
Identifying

primary keys

This

is a composite primary key

58

STEP 4

1&2
Identifying

foreign keys and establishing relationships

59

STEPS

5 and 6

1&2
Default

values and domain constraints

60

STEP 7

1&2
Overall

table definitions

61