Several words are used to indicate a specific number of items. These words might be a count, a mass, or a volume.

Dozen Half-dozen Pair kg Bushel

The Mole

An amount, not a mammal

A mole is simply a chemical term used to describe a specific number of items, like a dozen or a pair 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 of something
This is called Avogadros Number

Representative Particles
The species present in a substance. Atoms, molecules, ions, formula unit

For instance, diatomic elements naturally form molecules. H2 is hydrogen in its natural state, so its representative unit is a molecule.

Interesting Mole Facts

Just to give you some perspective of the true enormity of a mole:
One mole of watermelon seeds would be found in a melon slightly larger than the Moon One mole of pennies would make over 7 stacks that would reach to the Moon If you had one mole of pennies, you could give $750 billion to each person on Earth One mole of sand grains would be more sand than found on Miami Beach 6.02 x 1023 kg is just over 20x the mass of Earth 6.02 x 1023 seconds is 954,150x the age of the universe (give or take a few seconds)

Moles and Masses

The reason the number a mole refers to is so big is that what we are counting (atoms) are so incredibly small Avogadros number was chosen for a specific reason:
The masses of one atom of an element and one mole of atoms of that element are numerically identical

Two ways to measure mass

The masses of atoms/molecules are measure in a.m.u.
e. g. 1 atom of oxygen has a mass of 15.999 a.m.u., 1 molecule of water has a mass of ~18 a.mu.

This is called an atomic mass or formula mass What are the formula masses of NaOH, CH4, I2, and Pb3(PO4)4?

 The beauty of Avogadros number is that the mass of one mole of a substance is the same as its formula mass, only measured in grams
1 mole of water has a mass of ~18 g

This is called the molar mass What are the masses of 1 mole of CO2, 2 moles of Br2, 1.5 moles of MnO2?

Dimensional Analysis
a way of converting between different types of measurement with different units. For example: You have purchased 90 apples. You want to figure out the mass of those apples. 12 apples = 1 dozen 1 dozen apples = 2.0 kg apples

Converting atoms to moles

How many moles are in 1.25 x 103 atoms of Mg? # atoms = 1.25 x 103 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 1 mole

Converting moles to atoms

How many atoms are in 2.12 moles of propane, C3H8? 1 mole propane = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

More conversions
How many atoms of C are in 2 moles of C12H22O11? 1 mol C12H22O11 = 12 mol C 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023

Mole to Mass Relationship

Use the molar mass of an element or compound to convert between the mass of a substance and the moles of a substance. Example: NaCl molar mass = 58.5 g/mol. What is the mass of 3 mol of NaCl?

Mole to mass example 2

What is the mass of 9.45 moles of Al2O3?

Mole to mass example 3

What is the mass, grams, of .250 mol of KMnO4?

Mass to Moles example 1

How many moles are in 10.0g of Na2SO4? 142.1 g/mol = 1 mol Na2SO4

Mass to Moles example 2

92.2 g of Fe2O3 is equal to how many moles?

The Mole to Volume Relationship

Avogadros hypothesis states that equal volumes of gases at the SAME temperature and pressure have the amount of particles.

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): 0C, pressure 101.3 kPa or 1 atm At STP 1 mol of gas occupies 22.4 L
22.4 L at STP is known as molar volume of a gas.

Calculating volume from moles

0.60 moles of SO2 is equal to what volume? 1 mole SO2 = 22.4 L

Volume example 2
What is the volume of 3.70 mol of Nitrogen?

Calculating Molar Mass from Density

Molar mass = density at STP x molar volume at STP

A gas has a density of 0.920 g/L. What is its molar mass?

Example 2
A balloon containing carbon and oxygen gas has a density of 1.964 g/L at STP. What is the molar mass?

Percent Composition
The relative amounts of the elements in a compound can be expressed as percent.

In other words, each element makes up a specific percent of the entire compound. How do we calculate it? (Mass of element / mass of the comp)x100

Percent comp. example

A 13.60 g sample of MgO is decomposed and 5.40 g of O is obtained. What is its percent composition of Mg and O? 13.60 5.40 = mass of Mg