DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS

by Nirmal Chacko 2006-03-17

 What

is artificial insemination? Frist in dogs Spallanzani In dogs AI is limited

1.
2.

cases where copulation is not possible geographically remote sires and bitches

3 steps Semen collection Semen evaluation Artificial insemination

 Male

used - called stud 2 methods of collection 1. Digital manipulation and massage 2. Using an artificial vagina

 Stimulation of male 1. Bitch in heat 2. Vaginal swab from oestrus bitch

 Once dog mounts a. Grasp prepuce and expose tip of penis. b. Slide collection cone over the protruding penis. c. Hold bulbus glandis, apply pressure. d. Continue to apply pressure until a crystal clear fluid flows into collecting vial.

Semen has 3 fraction 1. Pre sperm fraction- slightly cloudy, 1-3 ml 2. Sperm rich fraction- milky, 0.1-6ml 3. Prostatic fraction- clear, transparent, variable volume Examine volume, colour, pH, progressive motility, concentration and total no. of spermatozoa, morphological abnormalities 70% progressive motility

AI may involve use of a. Freshly collected semen b. Semen that has been diluted and chilled c. Semen that has been frozen and thawed Two categories 1. Vaginal insemination 2. Intrauterine placement of semen 150 million motile spermatozoa

 For

fresh and chilled semen Semen placed in the vaginal canal of bitch at the level of external os Total volume of semen- 2 to 4ml

 For

chilled and frozen semen Several methods

a.

a.Transcervical insemination- use of catheters

foley catheter, Norwegian/Scandinavian catheter, endoscopic technique b. Surgical intrauterine deposition- laparoscopy, full abdominal surgery

b.

 Animal

under general anaesthesia Full abdominal surgery- midventral incision to expose uterus-semen directly introduced into uterus using needle attached to catheter Laparoscopy- acceptable than full abdominal surgey

Various methods 1. Fresh and cooled to room temperature 2. Diluted and cooled to 50C 3. Diluted and frozen (-1960C) Lifespan spermatozoa in fresh semen 4hours Chilled semen - 2 to 3days Frozen semen - indefinite

 Simple

diluents Skimmed milk- heated to 92-950C for 10 mts Egg yolk Semen : extender 1:4 Slow cooling to 50C Double insemination of same bitch Cranial vaginal or intrauterine insemination

Process of freezing is same as that in bovines Earlier- as pellets on dry ice Liquid nitrogen Extender- Tris, fructose, citric acid, water, glycerol and egg yolk along with antibiotics 0.5ml straws Thawing- 370C for 30-90 secs or 750C for 6 secs Frozen dog spermatozoa has short post thaw lifespan

Maintain and develop breeds with good genes Elimination of diseases spread by contact Useful when natural mating is difficult Economic and transportation of animals can be avoided Frozen semen-use of genetic material even after death of a valuable stud Elimination of undesirable characteristics from a breed

Need expert knowledge and skill Selective breeding result in selection for or against many other character Disease transmission to females through contaminated semen Success rate is low,65-85% and small litter

 History

of dog AI dates back to 18th century Limited use Useful tool in improving overall quality of dog breeds Elimination of undesirable characteristics