THE BATH

The babys should be one of the happiest hour of the day

for him and also for you. The best time for bathing him is just before his midmorning feeding.

THE BATH
He will then enjoy his food better when he is cleaned and

relaxed.
Be sure to have everything ready before you begin. The

room should be warm and free from drafts.

PURPOSE OF THE BATH

The primary purpose of bathing is to help maintain

personal hygiene. Some persons bathe daily or even frequently and still be clean, The typical factors that influence the frequency of bathing necessary to maintain personal hygiene are:
The nature of the patients illness The condition of the skin The type of activities person carries out Weather conditions.

PURPOSE OF THE BATH

In addition to cleaning of the skin, bath serves other purposes:
It acts as a skin conditioner It helps relax a restless person The warmth of the

water and the effects of gentle massage tend to relax muscles.

PURPOSE OF THE BATH

It promotes circulation by stimulating the skins

peripheral nerve ending and underlying tissues. This stimulus for circulation promotes urinary elimination, which often results in the patients need to urinate after bath. It serves as a musculoskeletal exercise through activity involved with bathing. This exercise promotes movements of various body joints.

PURPOSE OF THE BATH

It stimulates the rate and depth of respiration. It provides the person with sensory input It helps improve the self image . Most persons feel

more relaxed and comfortable about themselves when the personal hygiene needs have been met.

PURPOSE OF THE BATH

When given by a nursing assistant, it gives him an

excellent opportunity to strengthen a helping nursing aid patients relationship, to observe the patients physiological and emotional status closely, and to teach the patient as indicated. The bath also gives the nursing aid an opportunity to demonstrate that she cares for the patient and is interested in his general welfare.

Bathing Paraphernalia
Mild sop Shampoo Soft washcloth Large soft towel Small sort towel Pan of water

Sponge Bathing the Baby

1. Wash hands 2. Prepare the needed materials. Prepare wash

basin with warm water. At 38 40.5 C. test water temperature by placing drops on inside surface of your forearms. Water should feel comfortably warm.
3. Keep infant clothed in shirt and diaper with

bath towel wrapped around shoulders.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

Begin by cleaning eyes with infant lying supine. Wash each eye gently using separate cotton ball or clean portion of a washcloth. Wipe from inner to outer cantus. 5. If cru stations are present on eyelid margins. Apply moistened cotton ball for 1 to 2 minutes before cleansing. 6. Roll dampened cotton ball or use twisted end of washcloth to clean nares and ears. Note presence of crusts in Cares.
4.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

7. Use moistened portion of washcloth to cleanse

infants face thoroughly. Give special to areas behind ears and around neck. Small amount of soap may be used for soiled creases. 8. Dry face and neck thoroughly. 9. Cleanse infants scalp by gently wiping of secretions with mild soap and water.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

10. Shampoo infants hair in case of excess soiling.
drape infants trunk with large bath towel hold infants head securely in one hand while positioning

it over washbasin. Lather scalp gently with small amount of mild sop Rinse by pouring water from small cup or container over infants scalp, into basin Dry thoroughly and cover infants head with towel.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

11. Comb or brush infants hair gently. 12. Undress infant and remove diaper. Use lower portion

of towel or additional towel to drape areas not being washed.

13. Wipes off any fecal material from anal area or

genitalia with facial tissue.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

14. With washcloth and small amount of soap, gently

cleanse arms, hands and axilla. Proceed to chest, abdomen and back. Rinse and dry thoroughly. 15. Cleanse umbilicus thoroughly with soap and water. Apply alcohol with cotton ball to cord or stump if it remains unhealed. 16. Apply clean shirt. 17. Use plain water to cleanse infants legs and feet. Dry thoroughly.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

18. Cleanse the genital area:

For female infants: wash fold of groin gently retract labia fully and wash from front to back toward anus. Use separate portion of washcloth or moistened cotton ball for each wipe. Pay particular attention to removal of vernix casiosa but do not apply excess friction to the skin.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

For male infants: use plain water to wash gently around penis and

scrotum. In uncircumcised newborn, do not retract foreskin until it has been initially retracted by a physician usually when infant is 6 week old. In order infants, retract foreskin to cleanse around penis in circular motion with moist cotton ball, moving from tip of urethra outward. Dry and return foreskin to its normal position.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

19. With facial tissue, remove fecal

matter around buttocks or anus. Gently place infant on back on top of a towel, keeping upper body draped. Grasp both ankles with your non dominate hand and lift buttocks. Was rinse and dry anal area thoroughly. Apply thin layer of petroleum jelly as desired.
20. Apply body lotion to dry.

Sponge Bathing the Baby

21. Apply a clean diaper. be sure it fits snugly around thighs and abdomen if umbilicus is not yet healed, keep top edge of diaper below site if infant is circumcised, secure diaper loosely fasten diaper with back overlapping front

Sponge Bathing the Baby

22. Dress infant in regular clothing. 23. Place infant in crib, playpen or bassinette 24. Store reusable supplies. Empty, rinse and dry

washbasin. Dispose of soiled wash linen and diaper in proper receptacle. Wash hands.

GIVING A BABY SPONGE BATH

Procedure: 1. Wash your hands 2. Place the following items in your work area.

bath basin bath thermometer bath towel two hands towels receiving blanket washcloth clean diaper clean clothing for the baby cotton balls baby shampoo baby lotion

GIVING A BABY SPONGE BATH

3.

Fill the basin with warm water. Water temperature should be 100 to 105 F ( 37.7 to 40.5 C ). Measure water temperature with the bath thermometer or use the inside of your wrist. The water should feel warm and comfortable on your wrist. Provide for privacy. Identify the baby. Check the Id bracelet against the assignment sheet. Undress the baby. Leave the diaper on

3. 4.

5.

GIVING A BABY SPONGE BATH

Safety measures are also very important:
Never leave the baby alone on a table or in the

bath tub. Always keep one hand on the baby if you must look away for a moment. Hold the securely throughout the bath. Babies are every slippery when they are wet. A wet squirming baby is hard to hold.

GIVING A BABY SPONGE BATH

Safety measures are also very important:
Room temperature should be 75 f to 80 f for the

bath. Turn up the thermostat and close windows and doors about 20 minutes before the bath. The room temperature may be uncomfortable for you. You may want to remove a sweater or lab coat or roll up your selves before starting the bath. Water temperature needs special attention. Babies have delicate skin and are easily burned. Bath water temperature should be 100 to 105 f ( 37.7 to 40.5 C ). Bath water temperature with the inside of your wrist. The water should feel warm and comfortable with

GIVING A BABY SPONGE BATH

So, there are two bath procedures for

babies. Sponge baths are given until the baby is about 2 weeks old. They are given this bath until the cord stump falls off and the umbilicus and circumcision. The tub bath is given after the cord site and circumcision heal.

Home Care
Bath time should be part of the babys daily

routine. Some mothers like to bathe their babies in the morning. Others prefer the evening. Evening baths have two important advantages. bath is comforting and relaxing. This help some babies sleep longer at night. Working fathers are usually home in the evening. The evening bath lets them be involved, fathers bathe babies to give mothers time to rest or tend to other children. You must follow the familys routine working in the home.

Procedure 1. Follow steps 1 to 15 Giving a Baby sponge Bath 2. Hold the baby:
a)

b)

Place your right under the babys shoulders. You thumb should be over the baby right shoulder . Your fingers should be under the right arm. Use your left hand to support the babys buttocks. Slide your left hand under the thighs. Hold the rights thigh with your left hand.

3. 4.

5.

Lower the baby into the water, feet first. Wash the front of the babys body. Be sure to wash all folds and creases. Rinse thoroughly. reverse your hold. Use your left hand to hold the baby.

6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12.

Wash the babys back. Reverse your hold again. Use your right hand to hold the baby. Wash the genital area. Lift the baby out of the water and onto a towel Wrap the baby in the towel. Also cover the babys head Pat the baby dry. Be sure to dry all folds and creases. Follow steps 19 to 23 of the Sponge bath procedure.

DRESSING THE INFANT

Dressing Paraphernalia Babys shirt Diaper Diaper pin Infants sock

Dressing the Infant

Gather the needed material for the procedure. 2. Wear first the shirt to the infant. For a slip over type, it should be gathered in the hands so that is easily pulled over the infant head.
1.

For a double breasted shirt, out the infants arm through the sleeve by putting your fingers through the end of the sleeve and put the infants hands though the armhole. She can take his fingers in hers and gently pull his hand through the sleeve.

Dressing the Infant

3. Put on the diaper.
4. Pin diaper snugly in place. 5. You can use socks if infants feet are cold and it

should be large enough to allow the infant to move his toes without being cramped. 6. Bib can also be applied if the baby is about to be fed.

DIAPERING
Babies urinate several times a day. 2. Breast fed babies bowel movements after feeding. Bottle fed babies may have 3 bowel movements a day. Stools are usually soft and unformed . hard, formed stools mean the baby is constipated. This is reported to the nurse immediately. Watery stools means diarrhea. Diarrhea is very serious in infants. Their water balance can be upset quickly. Tell the nurse immediately if you suspect a baby has diarrhea.
1.

DIAPERING
Diapers are changes when wet or soiled.

Changing the diaper after a feeding is usually a good idea. Cloth and disposable diapers are available . Cloth diapers are washed, dried and folded for reuse.

DIAPERING
They are washed daily or every 2 days with a

laundry detergent made especially for baby clothes. Putting them through the wash cycle a second time without detergent helps remove all soap. If possible, hang diapers outside to dry. This gives them a fresh clean smell. Cloth diapers are available with Velcro fasteners. So, diaper pins are not anymore needed. The danger of sticking the baby or yourself with a diaper pin is avoided.

DIAPERING
3. Disposable diapers are placed in the trash. They are not flushed down the toilet. The use of disposable diapers is more costly.

4. Changing diapers often helps prevent diaper rash Moisture, feces and chemicals from urine irritate the babys skin. When changing diapers, make sure the baby is clean and dry before

Procedure
1. Wash your hands 2. Collect the following: Clean diaper Waterproof changing pad Washcloth Disposable wipes or cotton balls Basin of warm water Baby soap Baby lotion or cream

Procedure
3. Place the changing pad under the baby. 4. Unfasten the dirty diaper. Place the diaper pins

out of the babys reach.

5. wipe the genital area with the front of the

diaper. Wipe from to the back.

6. Fold the diaper so urine and feces are well

inside. Set the diaper aside.

Procedure
7. Clean the genital area from front to back. Use a

wet washcloth, disposable wipes or cottons balls. Wash with mild soap and water if there is a lot of feces or if the baby has a rash. Rinse thoroughly, and pat the area dry.
8. Give cord care and clean the circumcision at

this time.

Procedure
9. Apply cream or lotion to the genital area and

buttocks. Do not use too much, because caking may occur.

10. Raise the babys legs. Slide a clean diaper the

buttocks.
11. Fold a cloth diaper so extra thickness is in the

front for a boy. For girls. Fold the diaper, so extra thickness is on the back.

Procedure
12. Bring the diaper between the babys legs.

13. Make sure the diaper is snug around the hips and

the abdomen. It should be loose near the penis if the circumcision has not healed. The diaper should be below the umbilicus if the cord stump has not healed.

14. Secure the diaper in place. Use the plastic tabs on

disposable diapers. Makes sure the tabs stick in place. Use diaper pins or Velcro strips for cloth diapers. Pins should point away from the abdomen.

Procedure
15. Apply plastic pants if cloth diapers are worn.

Do not use plastic pants with disposable diapers. They already have waterproof protection. 16. Put the baby in the crib, infant seat or other safe location. 14. Rinse feces from the cloth diaper in the toilet.

Procedure
16. Store used cloth diapers in a covered pail or

plastic bag. Take the disposable diaper to the trash can.

17. Wash your hands 18. Note and reports observation.

WRAPPING THE BABY

Procedure: 1. Wash your hands 2. Identify the patient 3. Gather the patient 4. Move the infant gently to one side of the bassinet or crib 5. Unfold the blanket. Place it beside the baby, with one corner pointing to the head of the crib and the opposite corner pointing to the foot.

WRAPPING THE BABY

6. Gently lift the baby and place him on the 7.

8.
9.

10.

blanket. Be sure that the baby is in the center Fold the lower corner of the blanket up and over the feet and legs of hr baby Fold the two side corners of the blanket over his arms and chest Leave the baby warm and comfortable. Wash your hands.

BOTTLE FEEDING BABIES

Formula is given to babies who are breast fed

The doctors prescribe the formula .

It provides the essential nutrients needed by the

infants.

BOTTLE FEEDING BABIES

Formula comes in three forms . The ready to feed formula is ready to us. It is

poured directly from the can into baby bottle. Water is added to powered and concentrated formula. Container directions tell how much formula to use and how much water to add. Bottles are prepared one at a time or in batches for the whole day./ extra bottles are capped and stored in the refrigerator. These bottles are used within 24 hours.

BOTTLE FEEDING BABIES

Babies must protected from infection.

Therefore, baby bottle, caps and nipples must be as clean possible. Disposable equipment is used in the hospitals. Reusable equipment may be used in homes. Reusable bottle feeding equipment is carefully washed in hot, Soapy water or in a dishwasher. Complete rinsing is needed to remove all soap. Some mothers use plastic nurses. They require plastic liners are used once and then discarded.

CLEANING AND STERILIZING BABBY BOTTLES

Procedures 1. Wash your hands 2. Prepared the following materials
Sterilizer

Tongs
Feedings bottle brush Nipple brush

Detergent
Feeding bottle rack

CLEANING AND STERILIZING BABBY BOTTLES

3. Clean the bottles and utensils first preparing them for sterilization: Clean inside baby bottles with a bottle brush Squeeze hot, soapy water through the nipples, this removes formula from them Rinse all items thoroughly ion hot water.

4. Place the appropriate amount of water in the sterilizer.

CLEANING AND STERILIZING BABBY BOTTLES

5. Place the hard and large objects first before putting the soft and small articles.
6. Boil for 15-30 minutes after the boiling point.

7. Remove all articles with tongs and place on a clean and dry container.

PREPARATION OF MILK FORMULA / FEEDING THE BABY

Babies want to be fed every 3-4 hours.

The amount of formula taken increases as

they grow older. nurse or the mother tells you how much formula a baby needs at each feeding. Babies usually take as much formula as they need. The baby stops sucking and turns from the bottle when satisfied.

PREPARATION OF MILK FORMULA / FEEDING THE BABY

Babies are not given cold formula out of the

refrigerator. bottle is warmed before the feeding. You can warm the bottle in a pan of water. The formula should feel warm. Test the temperature by sprinkling a few drops on the inside of your wrist. Do not set the bottle out to warm at room temperature. This takes too long and allows the growth of microbes. Do not heat formula in microwave ovens. The formula can heat unevenly and burn babys mouth.

Procedure
1. Wash your hands prior to the procedures 2. Gather all the materials Scoop / measuring spoon. Feeding bottles Milk formula

Procedure
3. Check the appropriate milk formula and its

prescribes ration dilation.

4. Place the desired amount of pre-boiled water

into the calibrated feeding bottle.

5. Add prescribed amount of milk powered using

an appropriate measuring scoop.

Procedure
6. Recap the bottle and shake it gently for 30 seconds.

7. Test the temperature of the milk before giving it to

the baby placing a few drops in the inner side of the wrist. 8. Always hold the baby while feeding him

Procedure
9. Never leave the baby alone with a bottle, as he

could choke on the contents and could have ear infection

10. Never sway or jerk the baby while feeding, this

can lead to chocking or aspiration because the sucking and swallowing reflexes are not yet fully developed.

11. Leave the baby dry and comfortable

12. Wash your hands.

Guidelines in Bottle Feeding Babies

Warm the bottle so the formula feels warm to your

wrist. Assume a comfortable position for the feeding Hold the baby close to you. Relax and snuggle the baby. Tilt the bottle so that the neck of te bottle and the nipple are always filled. Otherwise, some air may fill in the neck or nipple. The baby sucks air into the stomach. The air causes cramping and discomfort.

Guidelines in Bottle Feeding Babies

Do not prop the bottle and lay the baby down for

the feeding. Burp the baby when he or she has taken half of the formula. Also burp the baby at the end of the feeding. Do not leave the baby alone with a bottle. Discard remaining formula Wash, the bottle, cap and nipple after the feeding.

Breast feeding
Many mothers breast feed their

babies. Breast fed babies usually nurse every 2-3 hours. They are fed on demand. In other words, they are fed when hungry, not on a schedule. At first, babies nurse for a short time, ( 5 minutes at each breast). Eventually, nursing time takes up to 30 minutes.

Breast feeding
Nurse help new mothers learn to breast feed.

They also teach breast care. Mothers and babies learns how to nurse in a very short time. If the mother baby is having problems breast feeding, you must tell the nurse.

Breast feeding
Mother may need getting ready to breast feed.

They may need help with positioning. You may be responsible for bringing babies to mothers. You must help as needed. When you leave the room, make sure the signal light is within reach. The mother and baby need privacy during breast feeding

Helping with Breast Feeding

Practice standard Precaution. Remember

HIV can be transmitted through the breast milk Help the mother wash her hands. Hand washing is necessary before she handles her breasts Help the mother to a comfortable position. She may want to nurse sitting up in bed, in a chair, or in the side lying position.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Change the babys diaper if necessary. Bring the

baby to the mother

Make sure the mother holds the baby close to her

breast.

Helping with Breast Feeding

The mother stroke the babys cheek to the breast.

This stimulates the rooting reflex. The baby turns his or her head when the cheek or mouth is stroked . The head is turned toward the direction of the stimulus, and the baby starts to suck. If the right cheek is stroked, the baby turns the head to the right.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Have the mother keep breast tissue away from the

babys nose with her thumb.

Give her a baby blanket to cover the baby and her

breast . This promotes privacy during the feeding.

Encourage nursing from both breasts at each

feeding. If the baby finished the last feeding at the right breast, the baby starts the next feeding at the left breast.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Remind her how to remove the baby from the

breast. She needs to breaks the seal or suction between the baby and the breast. She can press a finger down on her breast close to the babys mouth or the can insert a finger into a corner of the babys mouth.
Help the mother burp the baby if necessary. The

baby is burped after nursing at each breast.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Have the mother put a diaper pin on the bra strap

of the breast last used. This reminds her which breast to use at the next feeding.
Change the babys diaper after the feeding. Lay the baby in the crib if he or she has fallen

asleep. Remember to lay the baby on his or her back or in the side lying position . do not lay the baby on his or her stomach.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Encourage the mother to wear a

nursing bra day and night. The bra supports the breasts, and promotes comfort. Encourage the mother to place cotton pads in the bra. The pads absorb leaking milk.

Helping with Breast Feeding

Have the mother apply cream ( if Prescribed ) to her

nipples after each feeding. The cream prevents nipples from drying and cracking. Remind her to wash her breasts before a feeding to remove the cream. Help the mother straighten clothing the feeding if necessary. Remind the mother to wash her breasts with a clean wash cloth and arm eater. Soap. Is not used. It can caus4e the nipples dry and cracked.

BURPING THE BABY

Babies take in air when they nurse.

Bottle fed babies take in more air than breast fed babies. Air in the stomach and intestines causes cramping and discomfort.
This can lead to vomiting. Burping

helps to get rid of the air. Most babies burp in the middle and after the feeding.

BURPING THE BABY

Burping a baby is sometimes called bubbling. There are two ways to position the baby for

burping. One way is to hold the infant over your shoulder. First, place a clean diaper or towel over your shoulder. This protects your clothing if the baby spits up . you can also support the baby in a sitting position on your lap. The towel or diaper is help in front of the baby. To burp the babys back with circular motions. Do this for 2 to 3 minutes

THE UMBILICAL CORD

The umbilical cord connects the mother and the fetus

( unborn baby).
It carries bloods, oxygen, and nutrients from the

mother to the fetus.

The umbilical cord is not needed after birth. Shortly

after delivery the doctor clamps and cuts the cord.

THE UMBILICAL CORD

A stump bleeding can occur when the

cord comes off.

The cord provides an area for the growth

of microbes.
You need to keep it clean and dry. Cord care is done at each diaper change.

THE UMBILICAL CORD

Cord care continued for 1 to 2 days after the

cord comes off. It consists the following:

Keep the stump dry. Do not get the stump wet Wipe the base of the stump with alcohol. Use an

alcohol wipe or cotton ball moistened with alcohol. The alcohol promotes drying. Keep thee diaper below the cord. This prevents he diaper from irritating the stump. It also keeps the cord from becoming wet From urine.

THE UMBILICAL CORD

Cord care continued for 1 to 2 days after the

cord comes off. It consists the following:

Report any signs of infections. These include redness or

odor or drainage from the stump. Give sponge baths until the cord falls of. Then the baby can have a tub bath Do not pull the cord off even if it looks ready to fall off.

CIRCUMCISION
Boys are born with foreskin

on the penis. The surgical removal of foreskin is called circumcision. The procedure allows good hygiene and is thought to prevent cancer of the penis. It is usually done in the hospital before the baby goes home.

CIRCUMCISION
Circumcision is a religious ceremony in the Jewish

faith.
The penis will look red, swollen and sore.

However, the circumcision should not interfere with urination. You must carefully check for signs of bleeding and infection. There should be no odor drainage. You should check diaper for bleeding. The area should completely heal in 10 to 14 days

CIRCUMCISION
The penis is thoroughly cleaned at each diaper

change. Cleaning is especially important if the baby had a bowel movement. Mild soap and water or commercial wipes are used. The diaper is loosely applied. This prevents the diaper from irritating the penis.

CIRCUMCISION
Some doctors advise the application

of petroleum jelly to the penis. The protects the penis from urine and feces. It also prevents the penis from sticking of the diaper. A cotton swab is used to apply the petroleum jelly. The nurse will tell you if other measures are needed.

CARES OF FINGERNAILS
Like the hair, the nails are necessary structure of the

skin. They are composed of epithelial tissue. The body of the nail is exposed portion, the root lies in the skin in the nail groove where the nail grows and is nourished. Healthy nails have pink color and are convex and evenly curved. With certain pathologic conditions. And to some extend with aging also the nails become ridged and areas become concave.

CARES OF FINGERNAILS
Splitting and peeling of the nails

is usually due to dryness .

It is helpful to avoid contract

with soap and water as much as possible, use a good hand cream frequently, and avoid the use of nail polish remover, both of which have a tendency to dry nails .

CARES OF FINGERNAILS
The babys fingernails and toenails

are kept short. Otherwise the baby can scratch himself and other . Nails are best cut when the baby is sleeping. The baby is quiet and will not squirm or fuss. Use nail clippers or file nails with an emery board. If using nail clippers, clip nails straight across as for an adult.

ORAL HYGIENE

The mouth is the first part of the

alimentary canal and is an adjunct of the respiratory system. The ducts of the salivary glands open into the vestibule of the mouth and teeth. The relationship, for example between good teeth and a diet sufficient in calcium and phosphorous along with vitamin D, which is necessary for the body to utilize these minerals, is well established.

ORAL HYGIENE
There are several benefits for maintaining good

oral hygiene and dental care. The is aesthetic value in having clean and healthy mouth. Having ones teeth contributes to an intact body image. The beginning of the digestive process and gustatory pleasure are enhanced when the mouth and teeth are in good condition. Such complications as infections in the parotid glands (parotitis) and gums ( gingivitis) are reduced.

The Development of Carrie

The decay of teeth with the formation of

cavities is called caries.

A rather well defined chain of events

appears to foster dental caries.

An accumulation of mucking,

carbohydrates, and lactic acid bacilli in saliva normally found in the mouth form a coating on the teeth that is called plaque.

The Development of Carrie

Plaque is transparent and colorless and

very adhesive to the teeth. Carbohydrates are acted upon by bacilli of saliva o form lactic acid. The plaque prevents acid dilution and neutralization and prevents colonies of bacterias from being dispersed. The acid eventually destroys the enamel of the teeth through decalcification, and caries result.

The Development of Carrie

To prevent decay,, the chain just described must be

broken somewhere. Cutting down on carbohydrates intakes helps. Sweets are the worst offenders.

The Development of Carrie

It is impractical to removes sweets from the diet,

but dentists highly recommended that sweet snacks between meals such as soft drinks, candy gum, jelly and jam be eliminated as mush as possible.
The mouth cannot be cleaned of all bacteria, but

dispersing the bacteria with careful cleaning is helpful.

This can be best done by brushing and flossing the

teeth.

Tooth Brushing
A tooth brushing should be small enough

to reach all the teeth. The bristles should be sufficiently firm to clean but not so that they are likely to injure tooth enamel and gum tissue. Many dentists recommend a soft textured, multitufted toothbrush with a flat brushing surface. Other recommend brushers with widelyspaced tufts because the brush is somewhat easier to keep clean and dry. Several brushes are recommended for each person so that can dry well between uses.

Tooth Brushing
There is a difference of opinion over the best way to

brush ones teeth.

Many dentists are recommending the brush be

placed at a 45 degrees angle at the junction between the teeth and the gums with the tufts facing in a direction away from the gum line.
When assisting and teaching patients, the nursing

assistant must follow the preference of the patients dentist.

Tooth Brushing
Food- clearance time helps to determine frequency

of brushing.
It takes about 15 minutes for decay-producing foods

and liquids to be cleared from the teeth after their ingestion. Sticky foods such as candy, will adhere longer.

Tooth Brushing
It is during this time, directly after eating, that most

damage is done by bacteria.

Therefore, it is ideal practice to brush ones teeth

immediately after eating and drinking. Most children eat frequently between meals, and it is particularly important for them to be taught to brush their teeth and rinse their mouth often. The tongue also should be cleaned with the brush.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS IN BABIES

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS IN BABIES

Your observations are important for the infants

safety and well being.

Babies can become ill quickly. Signs and symptoms

may be sudden.
Therefore, you must be very alert. These signs and symptoms you will observed must be

reported to the nurse immediately.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS IN BABIES

Tell a nurse when a sign or symptoms began.

You may need to take an infants or childs temperature,

pulse and respiration.

Axillary temperatures are taken on infants. Tympanic, rectal or axillary temperatures are taken on

children younger than 5 years.

The nurse tell you which method to uses for the child. Apical pulses are taken on infants and young children.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

The baby has jaundice a yellowish color to the skin

and whites of the eyes. The baby looks sick The baby has abscess or drainage around the cord stump or circumcision The baby has a high temperature The baby is limp cries all the time or does not stop crying The baby flushed, pale or perspiring.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

The baby has oily, rapid, difficult or slow respiration

The baby is coughing or sneezing the baby has reddened

or irritated eyes The baby turns hair or her head to one side or puts a hand to one ear. (sign of an earache) The baby screams for a long time The baby has skipped feeding The baby has vomited most of the feeding or vomits between feedings. The baby has hard, formed or watery stools The baby has a rash.

HOME CARE
When the mother is nursing, stay within hearing

distance in case she needs help.

The nursing mother needs good

nutrition. If you are providing home care, you may need to plan meals and grocery shop.

HOME CARE
Remember the following when planning meals or

grocery shopping:

Calorie intake may be increased. The nurse tells you

how much to increase in the mothers calorie intake. The mother should have 3 serving a day from the milk, yogurt, and cheese group. Again, the nurse will tell you more servings are needed. Include foods high in calcium in the diet. The mother should avoid spicy, and gas, - forming foods. They can cause cramping and diarrhea in the infants. She should avoid onions, garlic, spices, cabbage, and beans. Chocolate, cola also cause cramping and diarrhea

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Babies cannot protect themselves. Like everyone else, babies need to feel safe and

secure. They fell secure when warm and when wrapped communicate.

They cry when wet, hungry, hot or cold, tired,

uncomfortable or in pain.

Responding to their cries and feeding them when

hungry promote safety and security.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Nursery equipment must be safe and in good

condition. You can use a guide when checking nursing equipment in a agency or home setting.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

The following are the measures for infant safety and security:
Keep the baby warm. Check windows for drafts. Close

windows securely. Keep your fingernails short. Do not wear rings or bracelet. Long nails and jewelry can scratch the baby. Always use both securely. Use the cradle hold, football hold or shoulder hold. Support the babys head and neck when lifting or holding the baby. Neck support is necessary for the first 3 months.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Handle the baby with gentle, smooth movements.

Avoid sudden or jerking movements. Do not stare the baby. Talk, sing or play with the baby often. Be sure to talk to the baby during the bath, dressing and diapering. Respond to the babys crying. Babies cry when they are hungry, uncomfortable, wet, frightened or tired or when they want attention. Crying is how they communicate.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Responding to their cries helps them feel safe and

secure. Tighten all nuts, bolts, and screws on cribs, high hairs and other infant furniture. Do this periodically. Check mattress hooks to make sure none are bent or broken.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Responding to their cries helps them feel safe and

secure. Tighten all nuts, bolts, and screws on cribs, high hairs and other infant furniture. Do this periodically. Check mattress hooks to make sure none are bent or broken. Do not leave a baby unattended on a table, bed, sofa, high hair or other high surfaces. Keep one hand on the baby if you must look away.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Use safety straps for babies in infant seats of high

chairs. Do not use safety straps on changing tables. The baby can roll off the table and strangle on the straps. Make sure the crib is within hearing distance of the nursing assistant. Keep crib rails up at all times. Do not put a pillow, quilts, or soft toys in the crib. They can cause suffocation.

INFANTS SAFETY AND SECURITY

Lay babies on their backs for sleep. Do not lay them

on their stomachs for sleep. This can interfere with chest expansion and breathing. If the side lying is used, bring the babys lower arm forward.

Keep pins and small objects out of the babys reach. Do not shake powders directly over the baby. The

powder can get into the babys eyes, hand away from the baby.