Textual Analysis

CONTENTS
1.

Introduction to Textual Analysis (slides 1 8)

2.

Exploring Imagery Metaphor, Simile & Personification (slides 9 24)

Exploring Figures of speech which involve Sound Onomatopoeia & Alliteration (slides 25 31)

3.

4.

Exploring Word Choice (slides 32 34)

Exploring Structural techniques - Sentence structure, Punctuation & Repetition (slides 35 48) Exploring Contrast (slides 49 51) Exploring Attitudes (slides 52 54)

5.

6.

7.

8.

Exploring Endings (slides 55 56)

Introduction.

The Textual Analysis NAB is based on an extract from a short story, novel or play, or perhaps on a whole short poem. You have to read the text carefully, and then answer questions on how it is written the techniques the writer uses and the effects he or she creates.

Continued.

Your Textual Analysis skills will also be useful in the Close Reading NAB and final Close Reading exam, where some questions will be marked with an A to show they are testing these skills.
The Textual Analysis NAB also overlaps with your study of literature. When you study a literature text you are really analysing it, and whenever you use the ITQEE structure (which you can learn about later in this powerpoint) to write about a text, you are being analytical.

So what will the focus be?

Writers choose every single word very carefully. They use a number of language techniques.
These techniques are also sometimes called the features of the text, or aspects of the text.

Continued

In this chapter you will learn to look carefully at the writers:

word choice: the words the writer deliberately uses

structure: the way the writer builds up sentences, or paragraphs, or the whole text imagery: for example simile, metaphor and personification, in which the writer describes something by comparing it to something else, giving you a vivid image or picture in your mind and a number of other techniques.

FOCUS OF TASK

Just to remind you what these mean, well examine them by using examples from the poem In the Snack Bar by Edwin Morgan.
This poem tells a story, and you should be able to understand it fairly easily at first reading.

WARNING

We will just use this poem to illustrate some techniques. This is not the same thing as studying the poem, and it doesnt necessarily mean that you will end up knowing it well enough to be able to write about it in your exam.

A) IMAGERY
1.

Similies

2.

Metaphors

3.

Personification.

Imagery

Imagery is the term we use whenever a writer creates a picture in language. If the words a writer uses immediately create a picture in your mind, then youve just encountered an image.
Some imagery techniques have particular names. Three of these are simile, metaphor and personification.

Similes

Simile

A simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another using like or as. This gives a more vivid picture because of the similarity between the two things compared. For example:
We go together like Chinese food and chocolate pudding.
Will Ferrell.

That rock on your finger is like a tumour.

Beyonce and Jay
Z

Life is like a pipe and Im a tiny penny, rolling up the walls inside.
Amy Winehouse.

Now try this.

Look at In the Snack Bar by Edwin Morgan Look at the simile below taken from the poem. Like a monstrous animal caught in a tent in some story.

What does the simile suggest?

This suggests the size of the man, and shows how badly deformed he is as his disability has made him seem animal rather than human. Comparing his gaberdine coat to a tent shows that it seems ill-fitting and looks wrong on him.

Another example

Later in the poem, still describing the old man, Morgan notes his:

hands like wet leaves

Now try this

What image does this suggest in your mind about the mans hands? Write your own sentence(s) starting with these words: The simile hands like wet leaves suggests.

Now try this

There is another simile near the start of the second verse. Find it, and write your own explanation of it as before. The simile A few yards of floor are like a landscape to be negotiated suggests.

Metaphor

Metaphor

A metaphor is a comparison in which one thing is said to be another thing. Although this isnt true, it makes a strong comparison.
For example:

That child is a pain. Her room is a rubbish dump.

Metaphors vs Similes

You wont find any metaphors in this poem, but you can find examples of metaphors in almost every poem you have studied. Similes are easy to spot but metaphors are much more difficult. They do not always use the word is.

Sometimes we have to ask ourselves if what the writer is saying can be literally true.

Now try this

Pair up with someone you know quite well. Create five metaphors to describe your partner. Swap metaphors and see if you agree with each others descriptions. Then choose one of the metaphors you created for your partner and try to explain the picture or image suggested by it. Write your own sentence(s) starting:

The metaphor (quote it) suggests

Personification

Personification

In this figure of speech, an inanimate, nonliving, object is written about as if it was a person or a living creature. For example:

The wind whistled through the sails.

The sun treads a path through the woods.

Now try this

The dismal hump looming over him forces his head down.
Can the hump on his back be pushing and forcing him? Of course not it is not a living creature.
So what is Morgan suggesting by making the lump seem alive? Morgan is suggesting the hump seems alive because it looks as though it has deliberately pushed the man out of shape.

B) Figures of speech which involve SOUND

1. Onomatopoeia 2. Alliteration

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia

When a word sounds like what it is describing, we call this onomatopoeia. Words like thud, bang, splash, yawn and howl are all examples of this technique. Most onomatopoeic words are to do with either sound or movement. Onomatopoeia is used to make the writing sound more vivid.

Now try this

An example of onomatopoeia in the poem is:

slithering with a dull clatter

Look at the quotation above. Which is the onomatopoeic word? In what way does that words sound suggest its meaning? Write your own sentence(s) starting:

The word (quote it) suggests

Alliteration

Alliteration

When letters or sounds are repeated at the beginnings of words we call this alliteration For example:

Steve seldom smiled on Sundays. Silently the spider spun its silken strands.
Alliteration makes you notice the words more and draws your attention to what the writer is saying.

Now try this

Look at the line below from the poem.

A cup capsizes along the formica

What effect does the alliteration in this line have? Why do you think the writer began his poem this way?

C) WORD CHOICE

Word Choice

Of course all words that a writer uses are chosen in some way. But when we talk about word choice as a technique we mean that certain words are very carefully and deliberately chosen to obtain particular effects.

Now try this.

Answer the following questions about some of the word choice in the poem. 1 What can we tell about the snack bar from the fact that the old mans stool is fixed to the floor? (Line 5) 2 What effect is created by the writers use of dismal in line 7? 3 What effect is created by the writers description of the mans gaberdine coat as stained, beltless in line 9? 4 What effect is created by the writers use of the word fumbling in line 20? 5 Why does the writer use the word contraption to describe the hand drier in line 56?

D) Structural techniques
1. Sentence structure 2. Punctuation

3. Repetition

Sentence structure

Sentence structure

Often Textual Analysis or Close Reading questions ask you to examine sentence structure. You may be wondering where to start. First, you will only be asked about the structure of a sentence if the examiners think there is something noticeable or unusual about it, so you can start by asking yourself these questions:

What do I notice.?

Length: Is the sentence noticeably short or long? What effect does this length have? Sentence type: Does the sentence make a statement?

Shes a good girl.

Is the sentence in the form of a question?

Is she a good girl? Good girl!

Is it an exclamation? Does it give a command or instruction?

Be a good girl for your granny.

Is the sentence in the form of a list? What effect does the sentence type have?

Continued.
Word order: Have the words been placed in an unusual order? What effect does this have?

Grammar: Would the sentence make sense on its own, out of context? Is it a minor sentence, one without a verb?

She was a really good girl. Sometimes. Not always.

(Minor sentences, while not grammatically perfect, can often make a big impact. Writers can use them to add drama or emphasis.) What effect does the grammar of the sentence have? Finally, ask yourself: Is there anything else unusual about the way the sentence is written?

Punctuation

Punctuation

Punctuation is part of sentence structure since it is used to shape sentences and to organise the words within them. To be able to answer punctuation questions, you need to know what common punctuation marks are used for:

Punctuation
When do we use commas ?

,
When do we use dashes ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

to separate items in a list. to introduce a quote. to introduce direct speech. to make the reader pause at certain times in a sentence.

When do we use Inverted commas ?

1. to give extra information in a sentence. 2. to make the reader take a pause. 3. to mark out a word or phrase from the rest of the sentence (Maths is great not.) 1. to show the words actually spoken 2. to show that we are talking about the title of a book or film or poem, etc. 3. to show that we are quoting someone else and these are not the writers own words.

More Punctuation
When do we use semi colons ?

;
When do we use colons ?

1. to join two (or more) related ideas. 2. to separate items in a list when there are commas in the sentence already. 3. to join several sentences into one very long one.

:
When do we use ellipsis ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

to introduce a list. to introduce a quote. to give more information about an idea .to punctuate a play.

.
When do we use capital letters ?

1. Dots used to tail of a sentence. 2. To show gaps in a piece of writing.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. at the beginning of a sentence. for names. for initials. for the beginning of a section of direct speech. for titles of books, newspapers, films, etc.for acronyms (like BBC or STV or CSI)

Now try this

Look again at the poem and find: A) At least three examples of dashes being used to create pauses. Quote each one, and explain why the writer wanted pauses there. B) At least two examples of commas being used to create lists. Quote each one, and then explain why the writer used a list at that point.

Repetition

Repetition

Repetition is another structural technique: when a writer deliberately uses a word or phrase more often than you would normally expect.
One example of repetition in this poem is:

And slowly we go down. And slowly we go down.

What effect does this have?

This also slows down the reader, making us pay more attention to the repeated words.

What does this example of repetition suggest?

Here, the repetition suggests the difficulty of the journey down the stairs.

Now try this

Read lines 57 to 65 of the snack bar poem. Find two more examples of repetition. In each case, quote them, and explain what effect Morgan gets by using that technique here.

E) Contrast

Contrast

A contrast is a form of opposite.

Whenever you get a question about contrast, to get full marks you need to look at both sides. Its not a contrast to say:

Jane is short and middle aged

but it is a contrast if you say:

While Jane is short and middle aged, Kenny is tall and young.

Now try this

Read lines 63 to 65 of the poem. The writer twice uses contrasting, opposite pairs of words. How can the old mans steps be at once faltering and unfaltering? How can their journey across the floor be at once endless and not endless? What overall effect does Morgan create by using contrasts in this way?

F) Attitude

Attitude

Our attitude is how we feel about something, our opinion of it or reaction to it. A writers attitude is often shown through other techniques, and you may need to read quite a large chunk of text before you can work out what the attitude is.

Now try this

Re-read the poem. Then write a mini essay to explain the writers attitude to the man he helps. Use the opening below to help you, and back up the attitude identified with quotations from the poem. The writers attitude towards the older man is that he feels sorry for him, yet in a way also admires him

G) Endings

Endings

You will often be asked why the ending of a text is suitable. This might involve looking at the last line(s) of a poem, or the last sentence or paragraph of a prose text. Endings can be suitable in a number of ways. For example: the ending the ending the ending the ending the ending in the text. may may may may may sum up what the writer has been saying emphasis a point made in the text be humorous give the reader something to think about refer neatly back to something found earlier

Now try this

We are going to look at the ending of the poem in two ways. 1 Read the whole of the last verse. In what ways is this a suitable ending to the poem? You answer should be a paragraph and you should use some quotations from that verse to justify what you say. 2 Focus on the final line. In what way is this a suitable ending to the poem?