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Background
Researchers have recognized that our personality cannot be separated from our biology For many years, the Tabula Rasa (blank Slate) has been very popular The Blank Slate view of human nature, suggesting that we are born empty and void of any tendencies, abilities, etc, was espoused by the behavioral perspective This approach signifies the decline of behaviorism and the tabula rasa idea of human nature.
What is Biology?
Physiological differences among individuals that translate into differences in behavior, The familial genetic link The evolutionary perspective: The understanding of the survival value of our tendencies and behavioral characteristics.
Structure of Supertraits
From a specific response, to a habitual response, to a trait, to a Super-Trait. Eysenck noted stability of these dimensions over time, their similar crosscultural manifestations, and kinship studies (run in families) Environmental factors play a role in the expression of the inborn personality tendencies.
Extraversion-Introversion
Eysenck was especially interested in this dimension Originally he suggested that introverts and extraverts differ in terms of their cortical arousal (extraverted were under-aroused and thus seek stimulation) Studies did not find differences between the two tendencies while measures of brain activity in a resting state were taken Currently, researchers describe the Ex.-Int. differences in terms of sensitivity to stimulation, introverted being more sensitive.
Temperament
Temperaments are inborn (inherited) general dispositions that are regarded as the basis for later development of more specific traits. Buss and Flomin identified 3 temperamental dimensions: emotionality, activity, and sociability Thomas and Chess identified 9 dimensions Examples: quality of mood, intensity of reaction, adapting to novel situations, etc Effortful control- emotional self-regulation, is currently regarded as an important dimension
(cont-d)
People react to us on the basis of our temperament For example: a cheerful, easy-going person elicits different responses from the environment as compared to a whining, negative child Our early environment is actually created by the genes of our parents.
Cont-d
fMRI (neuro-imaging) studies found differences in brain reactivity Abnormally high amygdala response when presented with new or unclear stimuli Fear of the unfamiliar throughout childhood into adulthood Uninhibited children are more likely to show disruptive behaviors
Goodness of Fit
The term refers to the ideal situation, when we, social agents around the child, recognize the childs temperament and pattern our treatment of the child accordingly. For example, if you have ashy child, you gradually expose the child to novel situations, support the child, not pushing the child.
(cont-d)
In our prehistoric past we could not have survived the harshness of the environment if we did not align ourselves with other people Individuals who were rejected or excluded by the group could not survive. Those who were sensitive to social rejection did survive, and transmitted this anxiety gene to their offspring.
Application: Childrens Temperament and School Some children come into the world with temperaments that may not be compatible with the formal demands of school Such children may be misjudged by their teachers and may be regarded as lazy or as lacking in motivation. The Goodness-of-Fit model is evry applicable here.
(cont-d)
Higher activity in the left hemisphere has been associated with positive moods, whereas higher activity in the right hemisphere has been associated with negative moods. These patterns have been found in children less than a year old. When in resting state, some people tend to have higher activity in the R he. Some in the L. is this related to proneness to depression? Is it related to thresholds to positive or negative experiences
Cont-d
Differences in cerebral asymmetry were found when the participants were is a resting, non-emotional state Differences tend to be stable over time When watching movies designed to elicit certain emotions, people with higher left hemisphere activity were more responsive to the positive mood film, and vice versa
Current explanation of the relationship between cerebral asymmetry and emotions Instead of looking at positive and negative emotions, researchers now describe the differences in terms of approach and withdrawal tendencies Left hemisphere activity is related to movement toward the source of emotion Right hemisphere activity is related to movement away (see next slide)
Cont-d Higher left-hemisphere activity is related to joy because happiness draws us toward the source of emotion Consistent with this analysis, researchers found that anger is related toward Left Hemisphere activity- angry people tend to approach or even attack the source of their distress