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The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point, however, is to change it.
Human history is the history of class struggles among the classes in society. A class is defined by the relations of its members to the means of production. the subject of labor used by workers to make products.
The class struggles that define human history in each of its stages is between those that own the means of production and those that work the means of production.
- within feudalism, trade expands leading to merchants (bourgeoisie) / increased use of money
Under capitalism, the capitalists own the means of production, the proletariat own only their capacity to work. Landlords rule the land, and the peasants are less significant than workers and are trapped in the idiocy of rural life.
I.
Prior to the overthrow of capitalism the proletariat must develop its own class consciousness. Other classes have their own forms of class consciousness. Television, literature, art, music and other forms of culture tend to reflect the class ideology of the class to which the artist belongs. However, the ideology of other classes can also affect the artist.
New classes usually win power by revolution. Revolutions are violent, because the dying ruling class doesn't give up power without a desperate struggle. The capitalist class wins power over the feudal class by a bourgeois democratic revolution. A bourgeois democratic revolution is a progressive step in the right direction. For Marxists, it is not an end-all stage.
The proletariat wins power by a proletarian revolution. According to Marx and Lenin, this revolution must be violent, because the bourgeoisie won't give up power by electoral means. The proletariat will then begin constructing socialism, destroying the bourgeoisie and eliminating class differences in the process. - This period is also known as the dictatorship of
the proletariat.
Socialism - The main feature is mixed ownership of the means of production (with an emphasis on public), distribution and exchange.
- In the first stages of socialism the state is a dictatorship of the proletariat., i.e. the proletariat rules the other classes by force.
- The socialist slogan is "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work."
Originally, proletarian (socialist) revolutions were supposed to occur first in the most advanced capitalist countries, e.g. Germany, Great Britain, the United States, France, Belgium, the Netherlands. It wasn't supposed to occur first in a backward country like Russia, where capitalism barely took root, there was a tiny proletariat, an underdeveloped bourgeoisie and no bourgeois democratic revolution.
None of the former or current socialist countries (Russia, China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam) had undergone a bourgeois-democratic revolution when the communists seized power. The communists tried to build socialism anyway, and some of their leftist rivals used the missing bourgeois-democratic revolution to predict that communist power would end badly.
Under capitalism, workers "tend" to be paid the bare amount required for them to support their families and reproduce. This is because of competition for jobs from the reserve army of labor, i.e. the unemployed.
The capitalist sells the product of the workers' labor at a price proportional to its value, which is the socially necessary labor required to produce it. The difference between what the product sells for and what the workers are paid is surplus value and is appropriated by the capitalist.
Because the workers can't buy the full product of their labor and the capitalists don't consume all the surplus value, there tend to be recessions. - This is one of the major reasons why capitalist countries sought overseas colonies during the Industrial Revolution > Imperialism.
The steady increase in labor saving machinery creates unemployment and drives down wages. This emphasizes the tendency for there to be economic recessions.
The tendency to pay the workers bare subsistence wages leads to the increasing impoverishment of the proletariat. As a small number of people become super wealthy, an even greater number become impoverished, polarizing the classes. - The middle classes must increasingly (Friedrich Engels)
The state is the means whereby the ruling class forcibly maintains its rule over the other classes. During socialism, the workers will take control of the state to begin the construction communism > dictatorship of the proletariat.
Communism, which evolves peacefully from socialism, is a classless society under which the state will wither away.
V. Religion
God is created in the image of man, not man in the image of God. Organized religions have been used to give the poor and oppressed hope that their afterlife will be better than their current one. Religion and the Church have been used as forms of social control to preserve the power of the ruling class. With the establishment of communism, the necessity to believe in God and a better life in heaven will disappear. Heaven will be created on Earth.
- Marx believed religion would eventually wither away. Violent means to suppress organized religion need not be taken.
- Religion is the opiate of the masses.
Trade unions are good as training grounds for the class struggle, but it is capitalist ideology to suppose that they can make any permanent improvement in the condition of the proletariat. The belief that trade unions can make a permanent difference is a heresy called economism or trade-unionism.
Argued that it was possible for workers to win power peacefully by winning elections. Revolution was not necessary. This was revisionism and the orthodox Marxist have used revisionism as an epithet ever since.
VII. Marxism-Leninism
VII. Marxism-Leninism
- The rivalry of the colonial countries becomes more and more intense leading to imperialist wars. WWI was a prime example.
VII. Marxism-Leninism
The working class needs to be led by a vanguard party, i.e. the Communist Party which in turn is led by professional
revolutionaries.
The leadership of the working class by the vanguard party continues into the period of socialism.
VII. Stalinism
VII. Maoism
Mao believed that in a country like China, the revolution could proceed first in the countryside which would surround the cities. The peasants, not the workers, could lead a socialist revolution. emphasized class struggle within socialism and its evolution towards communism to be played out in a series of cultural revolutions.
Socialist revolution DOES NOT have to be led by a Communist Party. Socialist revolution can be led by peasants. Soviet Union is obligated to aid all revolutionary socialist countries looking to break away from imperialist domination (Guevara).
Juche self-reliance
A blend of Marxism-Leninism with Korean nationalism.
Adaptation of Marxism-Leninism to Korean conditions.
Self-reliance--the need to rely on domestic resources, heighten vigilance against possible external challenges, and strengthen domestic political solidarity. Sacrifice, austerity, unity, and patriotism became dominant themes