MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Group 8 Bertolano Doruelo Duero Masigon Santillana Toledo

TYPES OF NUMBERS
Discrete numbers

o Whole numbers; decimals have no meaning

Continuous numbers o Numbers derived from measurements o May contain decimal places, depending on the calibration of the measurement tool

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Arithmetic mean Median Mode

ARITHMETIC MEAN
Also referred to as mean ()

Obtained by taking the sum of the observations, and then dividing the sum by the total number of values in the set. It is defined by the equation:

=
Where:

=1

= mean, = sum of all observations, n = total =1 no. of observations

ARITHMETIC MEAN
Ex. :

Find the mean of the following test scores :5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

=
=1

45 = 6 = 7.43

ARITHMETIC MEAN
If given in a frequency distribution
x $10
$20 $25 $30 $50 total

f 5
3 4 6 2 20

xf 50
60 100 180 100 490

multiply the values by its frequency find the sum of the products divide it by total no. of frequency

ARITHMETIC MEAN
If given in a frequency distribution
x $10
$20 $25 $30 $50 total

f 5
3 4 6 2 20

xf 50
60 100 180 100 490

Using the formula: = =

490 20

= 24.5

ARITHMETIC MEAN
There are 2 other ways to solve for the mean:

o Grouped Frequency Distribution

o Guessed Mean

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (GFD) To determine the mean:

1. Find the midpoint of each interval.

2. Multiply the midpoint of each interval by its own frequency. Then determine their sum.

3. Then divide the sum by the total no. of frequencies

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (GFD) Ex: Find the mean of the following test scores:
18, 36, 16, 30, 21, 37, 15, 30, 31, 37, 25, 34, 26, 17, 37, 22, 27, 32, 35, 38, 25, 40, 19, 41, 28, 25, 23, 29, 25, 30, 26, 33, 17, 24, 19, 36, 30, 24, 26, 28, 23.
Class Interval 39-41 36-38 33-35 30-32 27-29 24-26 21-23 18-20 15-17 Frequency (f) 2 6 3 6 5 9 4 3 4

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (GFD)
Class Interval 39-41 36-38 33-35 30-32 27-29 24-26 21-23 18-20 Midpoint (M) 40 37 34 31 28 25 22 19 Frequency (f) 2 6 3 6 5 9 4 3 Mf 80 222 102 186 140 225 88 57

15-17 TOTAL

16

4 42

64 1164

1164 42

= .

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (GFD)
NOTE: the mean of a grouped observations may be an underestimate or an overestimate of the actual mean because of the use of a midpoint and frequency of each interval.
=1

= 27.71

= 27.67

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GUESSED MEAN By using the guessed mean ( ), we can determine the mean by using this formula:
) (w)

= + where: = mean

= guessed mean

f = frequency
d = deviation

n = total frequency
w = class width

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GUESSED MEAN To determine the mean (GFD Table is needed):

1. Make a guess of the mean.

2. Write the deviation for each interval by subtracting the guessed mean to the midpoint of each interval. Note that the sum of all the deviation scores must always be equal to zero. 3. Multiply the frequency of each interval to its deviation and find the sum of all the products. 4. Compute for the mean by using the formula = +
) (w)

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GUESSED MEAN Using the previous GFD table:
Class Interval 39-41
36-38 33-35 30-32 27-29 24-26 21-23 18-20 15-17 TOTAL

Deviation (d) 4
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

Frequency (f) 2
6 3 6 5 9 4 3 4 42

fd 8
18 6 6 0 -9 -8 -9 -16 -4

Suppose the guessed mean is the midpoint of 27-29 or 28

ARITHMETIC MEAN
GUESSED MEAN
Class Interval Deviation (d) Frequency (f) fd

39-41
36-38 33-35 30-32 27-29 24-26 21-23 18-20 15-17 TOTAL

4
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4

2
6 3 6 5 9 4 3 4 42
4 42

8
18 6 6 0 -9 -8 -9 -16 -4

= +

) (w) = 28 +

3 = .

ARITHMETIC MEAN
PROPERTIES OF THE MEAN 1. The sum of all deviation scores is zero. A deviation is the difference between an observation and the mean. =

2. If a constant c is added to each observation in a group whose mean is , the resulting mean is + c.
3. If each score in a set of observation is multiplied by a constant, the resulting mean is the original mean multiplied by the constant. 4. The sum of the squared deviations from the mean is a minimum.

MEDIAN
Md

the middle score when the observations are arranged from highest to lowest or vice versa.
*If the no. of observations (n) is odd, the Md is the middle score of the set. {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} Md = 6

*If n is even, then the Md is the average of the two middle scores
{4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Md = 6.5

MEDIAN

If data is given in an ungrouped frequency distribution: Set up the cumulative frequency column
x
85 83 81 80 78 75

f
1 3 2 3 4 2

cf
15 14 11 9 6 2

Find the median rank by finding the sum of the frequencies and divide it by 2. 15/2 = 7.5
The observations whose cumulative frequency contains the median rank will be the median.

MEDIAN

If data is given in an ungrouped frequency distribution: Set up the cumulative frequency column
x
85 83 81 80 78 75

f
1 3 2 3 4 2

cf
15 14 11 9 6 2

Find the median rank by finding the sum of the frequencies and divide it by 2. 15/2 = 7.5
The observation whose cumulative frequency contains the median rank will be the median.

MEDIAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION If the no. of observations (n) is large, use a GFD.

To find the median:

1. Set up a GFD table. 2. Find the cumulative frequency for each interval. 3. Find the median class ( the lowest class interval whose cumulative frequency is greater
than or equal to half of n ( )). 2

MEDIAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION If the no. of observations (n) is large, use a GPD.

To find the median:

4. Use the formula: Md = L +
2

Where L = lower boundary of the median class cf = cumulative frequency of the interval below the median class f m = frequency of the median class w = class width

MEDIAN
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Class Interval 39-41 36-38 33-35 30-32 27-29 24-26 21-23 Frequency (f) 2 6 3 6 5 9 4 cf 42 40 34 31 25 20 11

18-20
15-17

3
4
2

7
4

Since n = 42,
Md = L +
2

= 21. Thus 27-29 is the median class

42 2

w = 26.5 +

20 5

3 = 27.1

MODE
Mo

observation that occurs most frequently in a set.

Mostly associated with nominal data.

A set of data is Multimodal if it has more than 1 mode

o Bimodal 2 modes

o Trimodal 3 modes
If all observations only occur once, then there is no mode.

MODE
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION To find the mode:

Set up a GFD table

Class Interval 58-64 51-57 44-50 Frequency (f) 5 7 10

37-43 30-36

6 4

Find the class interval which has the highest frequency

MODE
GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION To find the mode:

Set up a GFD table

Class Interval 58-64 51-57 44-50 Frequency (f) 5 7 10

37-43 30-36

6 4

Find the class interval which has the highest frequency Find the midpoint of that interval to get the 44+50 mode. Mo = = 47
2