MATHEMATICAL REASONING

4.1 STATEMENT
Statements are sentences that can be determined as either true or false at the same time.

Statements consists of:

- Words only - Numbers and words - Numbers and symbols

EXAMPLE 1
Determine whether the following sentences are statement or not
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) 11 2 = 2 2 The formula for the area of a circle is 2r . State the number of diagonals in a square. Help! 2 is a factor of 6. 3 x 2 = 12 bxbxb=b

Solution :
a) 11 2 = 9 Statement because it is true b) The formula for the area of a circle is 2r 2 Statement because it is false c) State the number of diagonals in a square. Not a statement because it is a instruction d) Help! Not a statement because it is a exclamation e) 2 is a factor of 6. f) 3 x 2 = 12 g) b x b x b = b

Statement because it is true

Statement because it is false Statement because it is false

EXAMPLE 2
Determine whether the following sentences are true or false
a) An octagon has 8 sides
b) 11 12 c) - 8 - 7 False statements True statements False statements True statements True statements

d) 12 is a factor of 2 e) 22 is a multiple of 11

4.2 Quantifiers all and some.

Quantifiers are used to indicate the number of cases there are in a statement.

All indicates each and every one

Some indicates at least one or several. Example : All isosceles triangles have two angles of the same size. All even numbers are divisible by 2. . Some of the Form 4 Science students wear glasses Some odd numbers are prime numbers.

Constructing True Statements using all and some

Example 1: Write a true statement using all and some, given an object and a property

a) Object : regular pentagon

Property : 5 equal sides Answer : All regular pentagon have 5 equal sides b) Object : multiples of 2 Property : multiples of 10 Answer : Some multiples of 2 are multiples of 10

c) Object : positive numbers Property : integers Answer : Some positive numbers are integers d) Object : polygons Property : exterior angles add up to 360 Answer : All polygons have exterior angles add up to 360

4.3 Operations on statements

1. Negation of a statement will change the truth of a given statement. This is done by placing the word not or no into the original statement. 2. Forming a compound statement by combining two given statements using the word : and, or. The truth table for p and q 4. The truth table for p or q

3.

P
True True False False

q
True False True False

p and q
True False False False

P
True True False False

q
True False True False

p or q
True True True False

Combining statement using and and or

Example: Identify two statement from a compound statement that has the word and or or a) 15 is an odd number and 11 is not divisible by 2 Solution : 15 is an odd number 11 is not divisible by 2

b)

6 is a multiple of 2 or 3 Solution : 6 is a multiple of 2 6 is a multiple of 3

Example : Determine the truth value of each of the following compound statements. 1 1 a) 10 1 and 0.1 10 10
true b) true = true statement

1 (1) 2 and (1)(1) 2

true false or = false statement

c)

12 2 2 32
false

32 4 2 5 2
true = true statement

d) Some even numbers are divisible by 2 or all odd numbers are divisible by 3. false = false statement false

Implication
In Mathematics, statements in the form if p, then q is known as an implication. p is the antecedent and

q is the consequence.
Example :

Ahmad is late to school Ahmad will be punished

If Ahmad is late to school, then he will be punished. antecedent consequence

A compound statement consisting of if and only if can be written as two implications. They are if p, then q and if q, then p
Example :

y 7 11 if and only if y 4
Solution:

Implication 1 : If

y 7 11 ,

then

y4
y 7 11

Implication 2 : If

y4

, then

Example :
Write down two implications based on the following sentence: x is an even number if and only if x can be divided by 2
Solution:

Implication 1 : If x is an even number , then x can be divided by 2 Implication 2 : If x can be divided by 2

Exam tips:

, then x is an even number

If x is an even number, x can be divided by 2 Imp 1 : If x is an even number, Imp 2 : then x can be divided by 2

When the antecedent and the consequent exchange

their position, it is known as the converse of an

implication.
Implication : If p, then q Converse of implication : if q, then p. Example : Determine the converse of the following implications: If y is a negative integer, then y is less than 0. Solution: If y is less than 0, then y is a negative integer.

Example:
Write the converse of each of the following implications, then determine whether this converse is true or false true

If q < 6, then q < 12

Solution:

The converse: If q < 12, then q < 6

The converse is false because 10 < 12, but 10 > 6

Implication If a is an odd number, then (a+1) is an even number. If x is divisible by 6, then x is divisible by 3. If xy = 0, then x=0 or y=0. If x and y are opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral, then x+y=180

Converse If (a+1) is an even number, then a is an odd number.

True/False True

If x is divisible by 3, then x is divisible by 6

If x=0 or y=0, then xy = 0 If x+y=180, then x and y are opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral

False True

True