ETHANOL

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor.

In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, the word, alcohol derives from Arabic al-kuhul, which denotes a fine powder of antimony used as an eye makeup. Alcohol originally referred to any fine powder, but medieval alchemists later applied the term to the refined products of distillation, and this led to the current usage.

ETHANOL IS A CLEAN-BURNING, HIGH-OCTANE FUEL THAT IS PRODUCED FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES.

AT ITS MOST BASIC, ETHANOL IS GRAIN ALCOHOL, PRODUCED FROM CROPS SUCH AS CORN.

 Ethanol can be made by a dry mill process or a wet mill process.

Most of the ethanol in the U.S. is made using the dry mill method. In the dry mill process, the starch portion of the corn is fermented into sugar then distilled into alcohol.

 The major steps in the dry mill process are: 1. Milling. The feedstock passes through a hammer mill which grinds it into a fine powder called meal. 2. Liquefaction. The meal is mixed with water and alphaamylase, then passed through cookers where the starch is liquefied. Heat is applied at this stage to enable liquefaction. Cookers with a high temperature stage (120150 degrees Celsius) and a lower temperature holding period (95 degrees Celsius) are used. High temperatures reduce bacteria levels in the mash.

3. Saccharification. The mash from the cookers is cooled and the secondary enzyme (glucoamylase) is added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose). 4. Fermentation. Yeast is added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Using a continuous process, the fermenting mash is allowed to flow through several fermenters until it is fully fermented and leaves the final tank. In a batch process, the mash stays in one fermenter for about 48 hours before the distillation process is started.

5. Distillation. The fermented mash, now called beer, contains about 10% alcohol plus all the non-fermentable solids from the corn and yeast cells. The mash is pumped to the continuous flow, multi-column distillation system where the alcohol is removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol leaves the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, is transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area.
6. Dehydration. The alcohol from the top of the column passes through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous ethanol (pure, without water) and is approximately 200 proof.

7. Denaturing. Ethanol that will be used for fuel must be denatured, or made unfit for human consumption, with a small amount of gasoline (25%). This is done at the ethanol plant.
8. Co-Products. There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: distillers grain and carbon dioxide. Distillers grain, used wet or dry, is a highly nutritious livestock feed. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect, compress, and sell it for use in other industries.

MAKING OF ALCOHOL
Alcohols, generally can be created by reduction of aldehydes or twice reduction of ketones. Ethanol (C2H5OH) can produced by fermentation of molasses. Fermentation is done in a tank and it is cleaned and sterilized before the fermentation begins.

 Molasses have strong concentration of sugar which doesn't provide the adequate conditions for fermentation. Consequently it must be diluted to concentration of %17 sugar. Optimum environmental pH range is between 4.0 and 5.0; and optimum temperature is 76F(25C). Fermented molasses is called beer and it contains %6.5 to %11 alcohol by volume.

DISTILLATION OF ALCOHOL
Under 1 athmosphere pressure boiling points of water and alcohol are 100C and 78.3C. Water and ethyl alcohol mixture forms an azeotrope in athmospheric pressure at a mole fraction of %89.4 of ethyl alcohol which means that by simple distillation of ethyl alcohol, it cannot be purified more than %95.6 w. As distillation equipments, bubble cap trays and tray columns are mostly used in alcohol distillation.(Figure on left)

ACID

YEAST

MOLASSES

CO2

FERMENTED WORT METHANOL

SLUDGE

ETHANOL

POT DISTILLATION PROCESS (BATCH DISTILLATION)

Entire batch of beer is heated in a large container and alcohol/water vapors are chanelled into a distillation column.

After all the boiling and reflux operations, when almost all alcohol is boiled, process is stopped and stillage is removed.

CONTINOUS-FEED DISTILLATION PROCESS

Typically it is also known as continous distillation. Alcohol/liquid mixture is fed to column and it flows. Flow rate is decreased by trays. Mixture boils up in the reboiler and goes up of the column to condenser as it contacts with the condensed liquid. The vapor with high alcohol percent leaves the condenser to be collected in accumulator.

APPLICATION

Distillers grain can be fed to livestock wet or dry. Dried distillers grain (DDG) is the most common variety. Drying the distillers grain increases its shelf life and improves its ability to be transported over longer distances. If a consistent nearby market can be secured, ethanol producers can supply the feed as wet distillers grain (WDG). The wet form is not as easily transportable, but the cost of drying the product is removed.

THE PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IS ONE OF THE LARGEST USERS OF INDUSTRIAL ETHANOL, OR ETHYL ALCOHOL. CHECK THE LABELS HAIRSPRAY, MOUTHWASH, AFTERSHAVE, COLOGNE, AND PERFUME ALL CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL BY VOLUME. ETHANOL IS ALSO USED IN MANY DEODORANTS, LOTIONS, HAND SANITIZERS, SOAPS, AND SHAMPOOS.

 Carbon dioxide is used to carbonate beverages, to manufacture dry ice, and to flash freeze meat. CO2 is also used by paper mills and other food processors.

 Pure, 100% ethanol is not generally used as a motor fuel; instead, a percentage of ethanol is combined with unleaded gasoline. This is beneficial because the ethanol:
decreases the fuel's cost increases the fuel's octane rating decreases gasoline's harmful emissions