Succeeding With Technology Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a Computer
Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off the ringer.
Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need >
The Digital Revolution

What does it mean to be digital?
Key Terms Binary number system Digital convergence
DIGITAL TV
DIGITAL Digital Camera

Whats all the fuss about digital?!
Digital Convergence
Understand the importance of digitization learn about how devices of all types use bytes.
The Digital Revolution
DIGITAL
Recall from chapter 1.
The Bit (binary digit)

Bits are the 1s and 0s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data They are the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device
The Bit
Bits arent really 1s and 0s, they are devices that can be set to one of two states. A bit can be a capacitor that is electronically charged or not charged. A bit can be an area of metal particles on the surface of a disk that are either magnetically charged or not. A bit can be a microscopic spot on a highly reflective disk surface that either has a pit burned into it or not.
The Bit
How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent useful data and information? Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit:
On = Off =
1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of a bit, but you could use anything; black/white, true/false, male/female, etc.
The Bit
How many units of information could be represented with 2 bits?
00 = 01 = 10 = 11 =
The Bit
How many units of information could be stored using 3 bits?
000 =
001 = 010 =
100 =
101 = 110 =
011 =
111 =
Bit & Bytes

Bytes can represent any collection of items using a look-up table approach ASCII is used to represent characters
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII Succeeding with Technology 4th ed> Hardware Designed to Meet the Need >
The Value of Going Digital

Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, pictures, and even scents can be digitized. Digital information is easy to manipulate. Digital information is easy to copy and transfer. Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the format of all different types of data and information leading to
Digital Convergence
Digital convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.
Integrated Circuits and Processing

Key Terms Consider PC Choices Transistor Integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard Arithmetic/logic unit Control unit Random Access Memory (RAM) The machine cycle Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz) Gigaflop Moores Law
Lets go shopping!
CompUSA Sony Apple

In order to shop intelligently, you must understand the basics about processors, storage, input/output, and peripherals.
Key Components
Processor Memory Storage
Removable Storage
Video
Networking
Security
OS
Transistor
A transistor is an electronics component, composed typically of silicon, that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity to store and manipulate bits.
Integrated Circuit
An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in todays digital electronic devices.
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/index.html
The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a group of integrated circuits that work together to perform the processing in a computer system.
The Motherboard
The motherboard is the primary circuit board of a computing device that houses the digital devices circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.
Processing
The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus.
Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access.
CPU Components
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set. Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system. Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes).
Latest Technology
Multicore technology refers to housing more than one CPU on a chip. Dual-core processors and quad-core processors use two and four CPUs on one chip that work together to provide twice and four times the speed of traditional single-core chips.
System Bus
The system bus connects the CPU to the chipset, and through it to RAM and other components on the motherboard.
Processing The Machine Cycle

The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results.
CPU Characteristics
The first consideration in selecting a computer is typically its speed: how quickly it can carry out such tasks as loading a program, opening a file, and writing to a CD.
Computer Performance ~ Factors
Moores Law
Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel, observed in 1965 that the continued advances in technological innovation made it possible to reduce the size of transistors, doubling their density on the chip every two years.
Storage
Key Terms Read-only Memory Magnetic Storage Optical Storage CD-ROM DVD CD-RW Solid State Storage Flash memory card USB
Secondary Storage
Secondary storage is used to store data more permanently without the need for electricity.
Tape Drive
One of the storage silo robots in NERSCs 8.8-petabyte High Performance Storage System.
Mini Cards
Secondary Storage
Storage Media Type
Magnetic storage devices use the magnetic properties of iron oxide particles to store bits and bytes more permanently than RAM. Microdrives can store gigabytes of data on a disk one or two inches in size. Optical storage media store bits using an optical laser to burn pits into the surface of a highly reflective surface. Solid State storage devices use flash memory to store bits.
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System Storage
System storage is storage that is used by a computer system for standard operations. Forms of system storage, include RAM Cache Video RAM ROM CMOS
Graphics Memory
Graphics memory, sometimes called video RAM or VRAM, is used to store image data for a computer display in order to speed the processing and display of video images.
Magnetic Storage
Hard Disk Drives Magnetic Tape High-capacity Disks & Floppy Disks (outdated) Microdrives
Microdrives from Toshiba provide iPods with their ultra high storage capacity.
Optical Media
CD, DVD, Blu-laser Disk (BD)
Solid State
Universal Serial Bus or USB is a standard that allows a wide variety of devices to connect to a computer through a common port.
A flash memory card is a chip that, unlike RAM, is nonvolatile and keeps its memory without the need for electricity. USB Flash Drives use flash memory to provide high capacity storage through the USB port.
Input, Output, and Expansion

Key Terms Input device Output device Touch screen Game controller Display resolution LCD
I/O Concepts
An input device assists in capturing and entering raw data into the computer system. An output device allows you to observe the results of computer processing with one or more of your senses.
I/O Concepts
Speed and Functionality Human vs. Machine Readable Data Source Data Automation
Input Devices
Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball Touch screen, stylus, kiosks Microphone, speech recognition Gamepad, other game-centered devices Digital cameras Scanning devices
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/tabletpc/default.mspx
Output Devices
Displays Liquid crystal display (LCD) or Flat panel Printers and Plotters Sound Systems
Selecting and Purchasing a Computer
Researching a Computer Purchase

Web sites such as www.cnet.com and www.zdnet.com can help you decide on a computer type and platform.
Online Vendors
Online merchants allow you to compare packages from varying manufacturers to find the best configuration and price.
Strategies for Computer Shopping

Choose type: notebook, desktop, tablet, smart phone, or netbook Choose platform
Windows/Mac/Linux
Choose Manufacturer Choose Model Select Add-ons
Helpful Links for Computer Shopping

Research
www.zdnet.com www.cnet.com www.macworld.com
www.cdw.com www.compusa.com www.apple.com www.dell.com www.sony.com www.hp.com www.gateway.com www.toshiba.com
Computer Retailers

Direct from Manufacturer
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Succeeding With Technology Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

Hardware Designed to Meet the Need

The Digital Revolution

DIGITAL Digital Camera

The Digital Revolution

Recall from chapter 1.

The Bit (binary digit)

Bit & Bytes

The Value of Going Digital

Integrated Circuits and Processing

CompUSA Sony Apple

The Central Processing Unit

Processing The Machine Cycle

Computer Performance ~ Factors

Input, Output, and Expansion

Selecting and Purchasing a Computer

Researching a Computer Purchase

Strategies for Computer Shopping

Choose Manufacturer Choose Model Select Add-ons

Helpful Links for Computer Shopping

Direct from Manufacturer

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