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Outline
X-bar Theory Revisited Complement and Adjuncts within an NP Detecting Complements and Adjuncts
Structural Ambiguity Phrase Structure Rules for Noun Phrases Reordering of Adjuncts Co-ordination Extraposition Preposing Co-occurrence Restrictions
Generalization Exercises
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X-bar Theory
It tells us how words are combined to make phrases and sentences. It captures the commonality between different types of phrases, which PS-rules cannot.
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X-bar Projection
XP (Maximal projection)
YP
X `(Intermediate projection)
X (Minimal projection)
ZP
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X-bar Projection
XP (X-phrase)
YP(Specifier)
X`
X (Head)
ZP (Complement)
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X-bar Projection
XP YP (Specifier) X` X` ZP (Adjunct)
X (Head)
ZP (Complement)
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X-bar Projection
NP NPspecifier Johns Nhead solution to the problem
Monday, July 11, 2005
N` PPcomplement
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X-bar Projection
NP
Detspecifier
N` N`
PPcomplement PPadjunct
the
Nhead
discussion
Monday, July 11, 2005
Detspecifier
N`
N`
PPadjunct
student
Monday, July 11, 2005
of NLP
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Structural Ambiguity in an NP
a person who studies high moral principles a student who has high moral principles
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a
Nhead
PPcomplement
student
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N` N`
PPadjunct
of moral principles
Nhead
student
Monday, July 11, 2005
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Examples
1. 2.
Arguments [with John] are often pointless. (???) Arguments [with few premises] are often pointless. (???) Arguments [with John] [with few premises] are often pointless. *Arguments [with few premises] [with John] are often pointless.
3.
4.
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1.
Examples
2.
a student [of Physics] [with long hair] * a student [with long hair] [of Physics]
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Adjunct rules are recursive. A complement rule is not recursive, i.e., it can apply only once. Examples
1. 2.
a student [with long hair] [with short arms] * a student [of Physics] [of Chemistry]
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Reordering of Adjuncts
Unlike complements which have to precede adjuncts, adjuncts can be freely reordered with respect to each other.
1.
2.
a student [with long hair] [with short arms] a student [with short arms] [with long hair]
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Co-ordination
* a student [of Physics] and [with short arms] * a student [with short arms] and [of Physics]
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Extraposition
1. 2.
Adjuncts are less tightly bound to the head noun than complements. It is possible to extrapose adjuncts PPs but not possible to extrapose complement PPs. Examples
A student [with long hair] came to see me yesterday. ? A student came to see me yesterday [with long hair]. * A student came to see me yesterday [of Physics].
3.
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Preposing
1. 2.
Note that Complements and Adjuncts go in opposite directions with respect to Extraposition and Preposing. Heads are more closely related to their complements than to their adjuncts.
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Co-occurrence Restrictions
Heads place significant restrictions (i.e. , subcategorisation) on what can appear as their complement.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Generalization
Heads are more closely related to their complements than to their adjuncts. Subcategorisation restrictions hold only between a head and its complement, not between a head and its adjuncts.
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Exercise-I
your reply [to my letter] the attack [on Starr] the loss [of the ship] Johns disgust [at Marys behavior] his disillusionment [with life] the book [on the table] the advertisement [on the television] the fight [after the match] his resignation [because of the scandal] a cup [with a broken handle]
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Exercise-II
I met [a specialist in fibreoptics from Japan]. [The journey from Mumbai to Delhi on the Christmas Day] was tiring. [The discussion of the riots in the bar] was full and frank. [The solution to the problem given by John] is better than the solution given by Mary. [The solution to last weeks quiz on page 20] is a better one.
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Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, 2nd edn., Liliane Haegeman, Blackwell, 1994. Syntactic Structures Revisited, Howard Lasnik, MIT Press, 2000. Bhatt, R. 2003. Introduction to Syntax. Principles and Parameters, Peter Culicover, Oxford, 1997.
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THANK YOU
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