Renaissance

IBP World History

Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (182791) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist.

Humanism

The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian peninsula between the 10th and 15th centuries. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labor force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Lucca, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Cremona and others, had become large trading metropolises, able to conquer independence from their formal sovereigns

Italian City States

The Black Death, the third deadliest pandemic in human history, which peaked in Europe between 1349 and 1351, led to several major social, economic and religious consequences in Europe.

Black Death

When Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1445, he forever changed the lives of people in Europe and, eventually, all over the world. Previously, bookmaking entailed copying all the words and illustrations by hand. Often the copying had been done onto parchment, animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean, smooth, and thin. The labor that went into creating them made each book very expensive. Because Gutenberg's press could produce books quickly and with relatively little effort, bookmaking became much less expensive, allowing more people to buy reading material.

Printing Press

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors.

Patronage

Their wealth and influence initially was derived from the textile trade. Like other wealthy families they dominated their city's government. They were able to bring Florence under their family's power, allowing for an environment where art and humanism could flourish. They fostered and inspired the birth of the Italian Renaissance along with other families of Italy, such as the Visconti and Sforza of Milan, the Este of Ferrara, and the Gonzaga of Mantua.

De Medici Family

Known as the father of modern political science and is one of the most influential Renaissance thinkers. (3 May 1469 21 June 1527) Was an Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science.[1] He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, poetry, and some of the most well-known personal correspondence in the Italian language.

Machiavelli

Identify the impact the Renaissance had on European society. How does humanism challenge the established beliefs within Europe? How did the printing press affect European society and sharing ideas?

Questions

Protestant Reformation

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1517 Albert of Brandenburg, archbishop of Mainz, sponsors a sale of indulgences to pay for, among other things, construction of Saint Peter's in Rome.

In response, Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle chapel in Wittenburg, Germany, where Luther is a university professor. The theses invite debate over the legitimacy of the sale of indulgences. Copies of the theses spread rapidly over Europe. The papacy takes steps against Luther as a heretic. The Wittenburg faculty supports Luther.

95 Theses

1520 Luther publishes his three famous treatises: "An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German National Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate," "The Babylonian Captivity of the Church," and "On the Freedom of a Christian." He wins powerful support.

1521 Luther is excommunicated. He refuses to recant unless proven wrong by the Bible or by "clear reason."

1530 Many German princes and cities sign the Augsburg Confession as an expression of the evangelical faith. 1555 The Peace of Augsburg provides that each German prince can determine the religious affiliation of the territory he rules. The Reformation sweeps Northern and Eastern Europe.

Henry VIII was highly critical of Martin Luther and never adopted Protestant doctrines. However, some of his Anglican arch bishops and clergy were highly influenced by the Reformation on the continent.

Scientific Revolution

Objectives: Students will understand how the scientific revolution challenged traditional beliefs and created a new way to view the world.

Model that the Earth is the center of the universe.

Geocentric Theory

Model that the sun is the center of the universe

Heliocentric Theory

To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.

Scientific Method

Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern science.

Galileo

English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries

Issac Newton

English physician who was the first person to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart.

William Harvey

German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler

French philosopher and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy.

Rene Descartes

Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy.

Andreas Vesalius

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation influence the Scientific Revolution? How did humanism impact the Scientific Revolution?

Questions