UNIT V

CALL PROCESSING AND SIGNALLING TECHNIQUES

Call Processing
Call processing functions are performed by using interface controllers. Call processing includes following functions Call identification Call routing Path setup between subscribers Digital translation Call status Billing etc..

Basic steps to process a call

Idle state Call request identification Providing dial tone Address Analysis Called line identification Status of the called subscriber Ringing Path setup Supervision Clear signal

Signal Exchange Diagram

Seize Dial tone Calling Terminal Address Called line setup Switching Conversati on system Clear forward Called Terminal

Status Conversation
Clear forward

Clear backward

Clear backward

Difficulties arises after conversation are

Called Subscriber held:

Caller does not replaces Handset

Permanent loop condition

Called Subscriber does not replaces Handset

STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM

State no State description Event Box Seize Normal action Send signal Event name

State Box

Operate switch Action Boxes Test YES NO

Accept

Decision box

Connector

 The state transition diagram specifies the

response of a control unit to any sequence of events.

It is produced by CCITT. Specification and description language.

The basic symbols defines

State Box :State No and State Description
Event box : Whether event correspond to

receipt of forward or backward signal. Action box : Action taken on event. Decision box : Make decision. Connectors: connect one flowchart to another diagram.

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
The computer controlled switching is refered as ESS.
ESS includes

Computer Memory Programming capability Switching component.

Computer based common control switching equipment is of two type of units

Control unit Switching unit Control unit: 1. Receive 2. Store 3. Interprets dial pulses 4. Selects available path

Switching Unit Line and trunk access Line scanning Message interpretation Switching communications Path setup between subscribers Line supervision Line termination Billing providing System maintenance

Various level of control

Low level control Line terminating module Trunk module Input/output controller Service circuits The line terminating module and trunk module are microprocessor based and communicate with subsystems through the input/output controllers. Input/output controller interpret the incoming messages and takes necessary actions and communicate to the network control processors. All subscriber line is connected to digital switching system through MDF is scanned continously to detect the state of the subscriber.

Mid level control

Network Control processor

IOC is controlled by the Network Control processor.

Separate bus system Specific message protocols For peripherals and external systems signalling 7,x.25 and x.75.

High level control Central processor Tape unit Printers Maintenance control Central processors organises entire network control sub processors.under this Call accounting subsystems(CAS) Call processing subsystems(CPS) Digital Switching subsystems(DSS) Digital Subscribers Switching subsystems(DSS) Local administration(LA)

 Processor determines the state of a call by reading data from memory. The store area includes Line Store
Call record Translation table

Map of switching network

Map in network Map in memory

Software organization
The softwae program enables any digital switching system o input data,to give outputs in a fraction of seconds. Concurrent processing of many calls in real time .

NEED FOR SOFTWARE

Basic functions Call processing Network control Signalling control Maintenance and admin.. Traffic recording Support of new technologies STM rings Intelligent networks Local network management systems Microtunneling Centrex

Customer care service

Different modes of bill payment CTD websites Changed number Telephone connection service Telephone address correction Additional services Answering machine service Direct Internet access services Voice over IP Accountless Internet Internet telephone

Software Classification and Interfacing

Maintenance software
Call processing software Database/Administration software Feature software software packages are divided into program

modules. Modules are grouped together to form functional units.

Maintenance software
Various activities Supervision of proper functioning of the exchange equipment,trunks and subscriber lines. Monitoring the database of line and trunk assignments. Efforts for the system recovery in case of failure. Automated line tests to permit maintenance persons to attend several exchane from one control location. Effective diagonestic programs and maintenance strategies used to reduce the maintenance cost.

Call processing software

Central processor controls Maintenance and administration,signalling,network control Call processing programs are responsible for call processing and to interface with the translation data, office data, automatic message accounting and maintenance programs. Translation data is generated by telephone companies related to the subcriber and office data is related to a particular digital switch.

Data base/Administration Software

Alaram processing Traffic recording Change of numbers or area codes Changing routing and routing codes. Record office information

Billing information
Software and hardware parameters System recovery parameters

System diagonistics

Feature software
All digital switching system uses this software.
Switching software

It is written in high level language.

It has major features like data

structure,program structure and action statements. Software codes foe digtal switching are written C,C++,PASCAL high level language.

Interfacing
The line control programs scan the status of

lines and reports the status to the network status program. The network status program works with network control programs. To provide dial tone , ringing ,invalid number, status, to receive dialled digits clear the line control program interface with the network control programs.

Signaling
(definition) The exchange of information between call components required to provide and maintain service (examples) Dialing digits, providing dial tone, accessing voice mail, sending a call waiting tone, *69, etc.

Functions of Signaling
Supervisory Signaling
Address Signaling Call Progress Signaling

Supervisory Signaling
Provides information on line or circuit condition
It [signaling] informs a switch whether a

circuit (internal to switch) or a trunk (external to switch) is busy or idle; a called party is offhook or on-hook

Supervisory Signals (contd)

Some supervisory signals:
Request for service - off-hook Ready to receive address - dial tone Call alerting - ringing Call termination - on-hook Request for operator - hook-switch flash Called party station ringing - ring back Network/called station busy - busy tone

Address Signaling
Directs and routes a telephone call to the called subscriber
If there is more than one switch involved in

the call setup, signaling is required between switches (interregister switching)

Address Signaling: DTMF Signaling(dual tone multi frequency) 1366 1477 1633 1209
697

A B C D

770

4
7 *

5
8 0

6
9 #

852 941

Call-Progress Signaling
(Audible - Visible)

Categorized by audio/visual signals sent in a forward and backward direction

Forward Direction: A signal sent to your

phone which tells it to ring

Call-Progress Signaling(contd)
(Audible - Visible)

Backward Signaling:
Ringback -

the distant telephone you are calling is ringing Busyback the called line is busy ATB - All trunks are busy (sometimes a voice announcement is used) Loud Warble - Telephone is off hook

Signaling Techniques
In band signaling
Out-of-band signaling
- CCS signaling

E&M signaling
MF signaling

In - Band Signaling
Signaling path = voice path
Voice path clogged with signaling Busy calls, congestion, and ring-no-answers

result in 20-35% of incomplete calls Slower call setup due to channel sharing

Signaling Techniques
In-channel signaling

In-band
SF Signaling (2600 Hz) MF Signaling DTMF Signaling

Out-of-band
DC Current (on-/off-hook Dial pulses (10 pps) 20 Hz Ringing voltage

Out - of - Band Signaling

Signaling path done on a separate channel
Voice path dedicated only to voice Much faster call setup and knockdown Led to SS7 and AIN

Signaling Techniques
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Signaling Network

Dedicated data link between systems Trunk group associated Trunk group disassociated

Advantages of CCS
One signaling path needed per trunk group
Faster and simpler to transfer information

between control processors No possibility of interference with speech path Signaling cant be accessed by customer

Advantages of CCS
Value-added services of a signaling control point
Shared processing for small offices

Allows centralized decision making (flow mgmt)

Permits Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)

services

Disadvantages of CCS
CCS links can be a single point of failure
No inherent testing of speech path by call

setup signaling CCS response time is critical

Trunk Group Disassociated CCS

Signaling Switching Center

Speech Paths CCS Data Link

Trunk Group Associated CCS

DLC TR-303 Trunk Group CO Switch

TR-303 Control Link

E&M Signaling
Used mostly for trunk supervision on an analog network
E-lead: carries signals to the switching

equipment M-lead: carries signals away from the switching equipment

E&M Example
Direction Signal A to B On - Hook Off - Hook On - Hook Off - Hook Condition at A Signal B to A M - Lead E - Lead On - Hook Ground Open On - Hook Battery Open Off - Hook Ground Ground Off - Hook Battery Ground Condition at B M - Lead E - Lead Ground Open Ground Ground Battery Open Battery Ground

MF Signaling
Used primarily for interregister signaling

R 1 System CCITT No. 5 Signaling Code R 2 System Code

Signaling/Switching Dependence
Signaling and Switching are closely tied. Signaling allows switching to automate the network.

 Detect off-hook condition Collect dialed digits

Call Processing - Local Call

Send dial-tone to calling station Translate digits to a called number Route call Prepare connection between stations Send ring voltage to called station / ring-back tone to calling

station
Detect off-hook by called station and cut-through the call
Detect disconnect and terminate call

Call Flow - Common Case

STP
Subscriber ports number to a new switch Switches are direct connected

LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451

302-224

Call Processing (1)

STP
Subscriber dials Station B (302) 831-1946

LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451

302-224

Call Processing (2)

STP
LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451
Switch determines that Station B is in a portable NPA-NXX (302-831) and doesnt reside on the switch

302-224

Call Processing (3)

STP
LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451
Switch sends query to the SCP based on digits dialed

302-224

Call Processing (4)

STP
LNP Database
SCP returns the LRN of the recipient switch

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451

302-224

Call Processing (5)

STP
LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451
Switch analyzes the LRN, determines the route and completes the call

302-224

Call Processing (6)

STP
LNP Database

302-451-5200

302-831-1946

302-451
Recipient switch receives call, determines that the LRN is local and completes call

302-224

Progression of Technology
Electromechanical Switches
crossbar, step-by-step

SPC with relays

AT&T/Lucent 1A ESS

SPC with electronic switches

AT&T/Lucent 4 ESS

Digital
AT&T/Lucent 5 ESS, Nortel DMSx00

A typical COway back

Early Switch Technology

"(snort) Here at the Phone Company we handle eighty four billion calls a year. Serving everyone from presidents and kings to scum of the earth. (snort) We realize that every so often you can't get an operator, for no apparent reason your phone goes out of order [plucks plug out of switchboard], or perhaps you get charged for a call you didn't make. We don't care. Watch this -- [bangs on a switch panel like a cheap piano] just lost Peoria. (snort) You see, this phone system consists of a multibillion-dollar matrix of space-age technology that is so sophisticated, even we can't handle it. But that's your problem, isn't it ? Next time you complain about your phone service, why don't you try using two Dixie cups with a string. We don't care. We don't have to. (snort) We're the Phone Company." Lily (Ernestine) Tomlin on Saturday Night Live

The OLD Way

Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

How Did POTS work?

All switching logic had to be hard-wired Analog transmission

Pre-1960s technology
In - band signaling

Technology Limitations
Switching systems were not easily scalable because changes had to be implemented in Hardware As systems were upgraded, services were not the same in all areas
The existing technology was not able to

handle the changing needs of callers

Technology Limitations(contd)
As modems became popular the nature of calls changing from voice to data put a strain on the analog switches due to the variation in

the length of calls. Data calls tend to be much longer than voice calls.

Something About Digital...

The North American PSTN will be entirely digital by the year 2000

- Roger Freeman