CONTEXT OF CULTURE

By Rudy Kristyanto

Whats a mouse?

Context
The speech of a pre-literate community brings home to us in an unavoidably cogent manner that language exists only in actual use within the context of real utterance. (Malinowski 1935: vii) The context of an idea or event is the general situation that relates to it, and which helps it to be understood (Collins Co-build Dictionary, 1995)

Hallidays context of situation

According to Halliday, every communicative act (i. e. text of some kind) takes place in a situational and cultural context. It is the context of situation that determines what sort of language will be used.

Register and meaning

Field: subject matter and the nature of the activity, i.e., what is happening, to who, when and where. What the participants know, why they are doing what they are doing. how the text hangs together experientially and logically ideational Tenor: social (power and status) relationships existing between participants. How they regard each other, and how familiar they are with each other. how the text hands together interpersonally interpersonal Mode: how the language is being used, organised, whether it is written or spoken, written to be spoken, spoken to be written. Also refers to how the text is produced: spontaneous, prepared, performative or reflective. how the text hangs together textually textual

GENRE/context of culture
Genre is a staged, goal-oriented, purposeful activity in which speakers engage as members of our culture (1984:25) by Martin In other words: Genres are how things get done, when language is used to accomplish them (Martin, 1985) There are, therefore, as many genres as there are recognizable social activities.

GENRE
Genre: a purposeful, socially constructed written or oral text such as a narrative, a casual conversation, a poem, a recipe. Each genre has its own characteristic structure and grammatical forms that reflect its social purpose. Genre analysis considers text patterns that go beyond the sentence. Purpose of text will determine its internal structure, e.g. recount, explain, report, inform Texts have their own lexis and grammar, e.g. recipes have own layout, written as a set of instructions and with words associated with cooking , e.g. al dente, mediumrare, etc.

Types of genre
Literary genres short-stories, romantic novels, whodunnits, autobiographies, ballads, sonnets, fables, tragedies, sitcoms Popular written Educational genres

Schematic structure of a genre

Genre: a purposeful, socially constructed written or oral text such as a narrative, a casual conversation, a poem, a recipe. Each genre has its own characteristic structure and grammatical forms that reflect its social purpose. Genre analysis considers text patterns that go beyond the sentence. Purpose of text will determine its internal structure, e.g. recount, explain, report, inform Texts have their own lexis and grammar, e.g. recipes have own layout, written as a set of instructions and with words associated with cooking , e.g. al dente, mediumrare, etc.

Constituency and labelling

Constituency and labelling are important concepts for understanding how genres are structured. Constituency: is concerned with identifying the parts (constituents) that make up (constitute) the whole. At its simplest, it involves defining the Beginning, Middle, and End.

Functional labelling
To divide a text into its constituents it is necessary to establish the basis on which different parts of a text constitute different stages. functional criteria: dividing the genre into different stages according to the function of the different constituents. All genres have a beginning a middle and and end. So to find more useful labels we should ask what exactly is being done in this beginning or middle or end of the text. Or what exactly is being done in the body of one genre that is different from the body of another?

Realization patterns
1. If genres are different ways of using language, then we should find that the speakers make different lexico-grammatical choices according to the different purposes they want to achieve. Realization patterns will differ across genres. 2. If each genre is made up of a number of different functionally related stages, then the different elements of schematic structure will reveal different lexico-grammatical choices. Realization patterns will differ across schematic stages.

Realization patterns continued

Each stage of schematic structure is associated clearly with a number of grammatical and lexical features. By specifying in as much detail as possible the grammatical patterns of each part of a text, we can determine both how many stages we need to recognize and where to place the boundaries between stages.

Realization patterns of horoscopes

The language of the General Outlook stage is very different from the language of the Contingent Predictions stage: The first involves a relational process (the verb to be) with you as subject and general abstract nouns, expressing the overall situation or quality; The second involves conditional clauses, specific time references and process types and modulation. Remember: every time we recognize an element of structure we have to be able to argue for it, and its boundaries, by finding its reflex in linguistic realization.

Aplication of sfl in text

Phonology = Morphology

Morphology
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (10- 15mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

Lexico-grammatical choices idexical lexical, use simple present tense, often imperative, use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence), use mainly of Material Processes.
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Aplication of sfl in text

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

Lexico-grammatical choices idexical lexical, use simple present tense, often imperative, use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence), use mainly of Material Processes.
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Aplication of sfl in text

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

Lexico-grammatical choices idexical lexical, use simple present tense, often imperative, use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence), use mainly of Material Processes.
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Aplication of sfl in text

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

Lexico-grammatical choices idexical lexical, use simple present tense, often imperative, use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence), use mainly of Material Processes (processing of doing).
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Aplication of sfl in text

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

Lexico-grammatical choices idexical lexical, use simple present tense, often imperative, use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate sequence), use mainly of Material Processes (processing of doing).
Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients:
2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper

Aplication of sfl in text

Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

DISCOURSE SEMANTIC
Experiental/ideational meaning the purpose of the text is to tell you how to make the dish Interpersonal meaning Textual meaning

Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients: 2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

DISCOURSE SEMANTIC
Interpersonal meaning it shows the mood that relate between the writer and reader I slice stalks of from leaves (it means that declarative mood = giving information) Do you slice of from leaves (it means that introgrative mood = asking information) Slice stalks of from leaves (it means that imperstive mood = asking for doing something) Textual meaning Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal. Ingredients: 2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper Method : Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

 Textual meaning it is made by schematic structure and ralization either from clause or text generally) by stage to stage Stage and realization pattern Title this stage labels the name of the dish to be prepared Enticement this stage is to suggest why you should bother making this dish Ingredient This stage functions to tell you what you will need Method This stage is to tell you how to make the dish Serving Quantity This final stage functions to inform you how many the dish will feed. The shcematic structure of this recipe is Title-Enticement-Ingredient-Method-Serving Quantity

DISCOURSE SEMANTIC

Spinach Risotto (Title) This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal.(Enticement) Ingredients: (ingredient) 2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper Method :(Method) Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4. (Serving Quantity)

CONTEXT OF SITUATION/REGISTER

Field Spinach Risotto (dish) Tenor chef and reader Mode Written genre

Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal Ingredients: 2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper Method Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

CONTEXT OF CULTURE/GENRE

GENRE PROCEDURE TEXT

Spinach Risotto This tradition dish of Greek-Cypriot origin offers an economical but substantial vegetarian meal Ingredients: 2 onions, chopped 1 2 bunches silverbeet or English spinach 1375 gr. Tin peeled tomatoes 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 cup water 1 cup risollo rice while wine (optional) salt and pepper Method Slice the dead ends off the spinach. Slice stalks of from leaves. Wash stalks and leaves. Slice stalks finely, and shred leaves. In a large saucepan, heat the oil. Fry the onions till soft. Add the shredded leaves and cook for several minutes. Then add the tomatoes and tomato paste. Turn low and cook for about 10 mins. Add water, wine, salt and pepper, and the rice. Cook until the rice has absorbed the liquid (1015mins). Serve with Greek salad and crusty wholemeal bread. Serving Quantity: Serve 4.

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