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h a second device. The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is the unit under test, test instrument, or any of several other names for the device being calibrated.
Instrument to be calibrated
Instrument Output
The input value with known accuracy Ensure the calibration is done under the specified environmental conditions
Standard Instrument
Instrument Calibration
Calibration can be called for: with a new instrument when a specified time period is elapsed when a specified usage (operating hours) has elapsed when an instrument has had a shock or vibration which potentially may have put it out of calibration sudden changes in weather whenever observations appear questionable
Selection Criteria
The selection of measuring instruments depends on the measurement to be performed. Generally, three characteristics are considered; these are: The range and magnitude of the parameter to be measured and the accuracy of the measurement
The accuracy or uncertainty of the measuring instrument should comply with the accuracy requirement of the parameter to be measured.
The things that we need to keep in mind when selecting temperature sensor:
1-)
2-)
Tolerable limit
1. THERMOCOUPLE
2.RTD
THERMOCOUPLE
Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor for measurement and control and can also be used to convert a temperature into voltage.
They are inexpensive, interchangeable, are supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide range of temperatures.
The junction is placed in the process, the other end is in iced water at 0C. This is called the reference junction
A thermocouple construction consist of two conductors, welded together at the measuring point and insulated from each other long the length. It will usually have an outer protection sheath.
Temperature is determined by measuring resistance and then using the RTDs resistance vs. temperature characteristics to calculate temperature.
Accuracy, long-term electrical (resistance) stability, element linearity.
Principle of Operation:
RTDs are manufactured from metals whose resistance increases with temperature. Within a limited temperature range, this resistivity increases linearly with temperature: Rt = R0 [1 + a (t t0 )] where: Rt = resistivity at temperature, t R0 = resistivity at a standard temperature, t 0 a = temperature coefficient of resistance (C )
RTD Advantages :
Wide temperature range Repeatability and stability High output Linearity
METHODS OF CALIBRATION
Purpose Source : Calibration of temperature controller and indicators : Universal calibrator/resistance box 1)Connect UUC to source. 2)Set the milivolts/resistance on source & note the reading of UUC 3)If reading doesnt come within tolerace adjust the inside the UUC to maintain the desired value within tolerance limit. 4)If reading are again found to be out of tolerance during next calibration ,the UUC is rejected & will not be used again.
Procedure : corresponding
potentiometer
Calibration record Measurement requirements (such as environmental conditions) Safety instructions for operators of instruments