Statistics

Overview:
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

QUALITATIVE

STATISTIC TO RESEARCH
PROBLEM OBJECTIVE LITERATURE REVIEW ASSUMPTION LIMITATION HYPOTHESIS DEFINITION OF TERMS DESIGN OF RESEARCH POPULATION

SAMPLE PILOT STUDY COLLECT DATA ORGANIZE ANALYZE INTERPRET COMMUNICATION UTILIZE FINDINGS

STATISTICS
DECISION MAKING in the Face of UNCERTAINTY
SUMMARIZES ORGANIZE ANALYSIS COLLECT PROCESS PRESENTATION

2 Branches of Statistics

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- descriptive index from a sample

Sample
Statistics

Non- Parametric

2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS (3 Ps) - Descriptive index from the POPULATION POPULATION ( Inference about the Population ) PARAMETER

(PARAMETRIC)

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT (Types of Scale)

Exclusiveness
(only 1 category)
1. NOMINAL
IDENTIFY ATTRIBUTE

Exhaustiveness
( not belonging on both category
M A
S

Ex.

GENDER
BLOOD TYPE MARITAL STATUS

F B
M

AB D

O S

2.

ORDINAL
EX.

- SPECIFIC ORDER

- RANKING ON ATTRIBUTE Likert Scale

EXAMPLE 1 1 - Strongly Disagree 2 - Disagree 3 Niether A/D 4 - Agree 5 Strongly Agree EXAMPLE 2 1 - Dependent 2 Needs Nurse Assistance 3 Needs Mechanical Assistant 4 - Independent

3. INTERVAL - Rank Ordering Assume Equivalent Distance but do not give information about the ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE. There is no REAL or RATIONAL ZERO POINT
EX. 90 80 degres F= 10 70 60 degres F= 10 90 + 10 degress F= 100

4.

- Provide info about ATTRIBUTE, INTERVAL, and ABSULUTE MAGNITUDE - Have Rational Meaningful ZERO. HIGHEST LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

Ratio

Methods Of Data Collection, Organization & Presentation

1. Data Collection Methods

Data collection techniques allow us to systematically collect data about our objects of study (people, objects, and phenomena) and about the setting in which they occur.

Data Collection Techniques

Observation

Face-to-face and self-administered interviews

Postal or mail method and telephone interviews

Using available information (Documentry Sources ex. Journals, Publication, Health Agencies)) Focus group discussions (FGD)
Other data collection techniques Delphi techniques, life histories, case studies, etc.

Common problems might include:

Language barriers Lack of adequate time Expenses Inadequately trained and experienced staff Invasion of privacy Suspicion Bias (spatial, project, person, season, diplomatic, professional) Cultural norms (e.g. which may preclude men interviewing women)

Choosing a Method of Data Collection

relevant, timely, accurate usable timeliness reduction in cost. accuracy and the strength of the method in

using scientific approaches.

Two (2) Categories of Statistical Data

PRIMARY DATA

(written by the RESEARCHER) ex. Professional Research journals, scholarly books, research grant, theories from theoretical system, research paper for oral presentation

SECONDARY DATA

(written by OTHERS) ex. Literature reviews, reaction paper,thesis/dissertations reviews, research critiques,

Types of Questions
1. Open-ended questions free responses respondents own words. example: What would you do if you noticed that your daughter (school girl) hada relationship with a teacher? 2. Closed Questions list of possible options or answers from which the respondents must choose. keep the exhaustive and mutually exclusive option to choose (few is better)

Emaples: (Exclusiveness/Exhaustivess of Options)

What is your marital status? 1. Single 2. Married/living together 3. Separated/divorced/widowed

Have your every gone to the local village

health worker for treatment? 1. Yes 2. No