NTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user and the computer hardware An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless

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 Operating systems can also be considered to be managers of the resources.

An operating system determines which computer resources will be utilized for solving which problem and the order in which they will be used.

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

Software controlling the overall operation of a multipurpose computer system, including such tasks as memory allocation, input and output distribution, interrupt processing, and job scheduling.

MAIN RESPONSIBILITIES OF OS
Three (3) main responsibilities of operating system : Perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Ensure that different programs and users running at the same time do not interfere with each other.
Provide a software platform on top of which other programs (i.e., application software) can run.
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software can be divided into two main categories : a) application software : Consists of the programs for performing tasks particular on behalf of user. Examples: spreadsheets, database systems, desktop publishing systems, program development software, and games. b) system software : Designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and maintain a platform for running application software. Divided into two categories which are: Operating system (MS Windows, Linux,Mac) Utilities (eq: antivirus software, clean disk, disk defragment).

Overview of computer software

This system considered as The big mess because this structure is no structure actually The components of monolithic system are unorganized

MONOLITHIC SYSTEM(structure mudah)

Any module can call any other module without any reservation.

Example system : CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) & MS-DOS & UNIX

Figure 1: Monolithic Operating System

When a user mode program calls a system service, the processor traps the call and switches the calling thread to kernel mode. Completion of system service, switches thread back to the user mode, by the operating system and allows the caller to cont

Figure 2: A simple structuring model for a monolithic system A main program that invokes the requested service procedure. A set of service procedures that carry out the system calls. A set of utility procedures that help the services procedures.

LAYERED SYSTEM
The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. This system had 6 layers.
Lapisan terbawah ialah perkakasan Lapisan teratas ialah aturcara aplikasi

Menggunakan konsep pemodulan

Lapisan dipilih supaya setiap satu menggunakan fungsi dan khidmat lapisan-lapisan di bawahnya.

LAYERED SYSTEM

The Structure of the THE ()operating system

PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP

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 Layer 0 dealt with allocation of the processor, switching between processes when interrupts occurred or timers expired. Layer 0 provided the basic multiprogramming of the CPU. Layer 1 did the memory management. It allocated space for processes in main memory and on a 512k word drum used for holding parts of processes (pages)for which there was no room in main memory. The layer 1 software took care of making sure pages were brought into memory whenever they were needed. Layer 2 handled communication between each process and the operator console. Above this layer each process effectively had its own operator console. Layer 3 took care of managing the I/O devices and buffering the information streams to and from them. Layer 4 was where the user programs were found. They did not have to worry about process, memory, console, or I/O management. The system operator process was located in layer 5.
PREPARED BY: NURBAYA GHAZALI, JTMK, PSP

Example system: VAX /VMS, MULTICS, UNIX

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microkernel
A microkernel is the near-minimum amount of software that can provide the mechanisms needed to implement an operating system(OS) These mechanisms include low-level address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication (IPC).
the microkernel is the only software executing at the most privileged level

microkernel

4) CLIENT-SERVER MODEL All the kernel does is handle the communication between clients and servers By splitting the operating system up into parts, each of which only handles one fact of the system, such as file service, process service, Terminal service, or memory service, each part becomes small and manageable. Another advantage of the client-server model is its adaptability to use in distributed system. If a client communicates with a server by sending it messages, the client need not know whether the message is handled locally in its own machine, or whether it was sent across a network to a server on a remote machine. As far as the client is concerned, the same thing happens in both cases: a request was sent and a reply came back.

The client-server model

A distributed OS

VARIOUS TYPES OF OS STRATEGY

The operating system (or OS) is a set of special programs that run on a computer system that allow it to work properly.
They help it to load and save data; to communicate; and to run other programs (applications software). Because there are different types of computer, and different uses for them.

There are different types of operating system.

 Batch Operating Systems Some computer systems, especially some of the early ones, only did one thing at a time. This is called a serial system.
Sometimes, if there was a lot of work to be done, then collections of these instructions would be given to the computer to work on overnight.
Because the computer was working on batches of instructions the type of operating system was called a Batch Operating

VARIOUS TYPES OF OS STRATEGY

System.

Batch operating systems (cont)

Batch operating systems are good at churning through large numbers of repetitive jobs on large computers. Jobs like: working out the pay of each employee in large firm; or processing all the questionnaire forms in a large survey.

Multiprogramming os
The ability to do more than one job is called multiprogramming.
The system separates the memory out into several pieces and lets each one of the pieces be a different job that the computer was running. The ability to do multiprogramming speed the computers up tremendously.

When one job idled to wait for input or output, the operating system could automatically switch to another job that was ready.

Distributed Operating System

An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.

HISTORY OF OS : GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

1st GENERATION

2nd GENERATION

3rd GENERATION

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER 5 th GENERATION

4 th GENERATION

1st

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : VACUUM TUBES & PLUG BOARDS (1945-1955)

1. Use of vacuum tubes 2. Big & Clumsy 3. High Electricity Consumption 4. Programming in Mechanical Language 5. Larger AC were needed 6. Lot of electricity failure occurred

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d GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : TRANSISTORS & BATCH SYSTEMS, (1955-1965)

1. Transistors were used 2. Core Memory was developed 3. Faster than First Generation computers 4. First Operating System was developed 5. Programming was in Machine Language & Assembly Language 6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used 7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers 8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity

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rd

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : ICs & MULTIPROGRAMMING (1965-1980)

1. Integrated circuits developed 2. Power consumption was low 3. SSI & MSI Technology was used 4. High level languages were used

th GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER : PERSONAL COMPUTERS, (1980-Present)

1. LSI & VLSI Technology used 2. Development of Portable Computers 3. RAID Technology of data storage 4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation 5. Computers started in use for Data Communication 6. Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity

5 th

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER (Present)

1. Used in parallel processing 2. Used superconductors 3. Used in speech recognition 4. Used in intelligent robots 5. Used in artificial intelligence

ARIOUS PRODUCT /TYPES OF OS IN TODAYS MARKET

SUN / SOLARIS MICROSOFT WINDOWS

LINUX MAC OS

VERSION S OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

WINDOWS 95

WINDOWS 98

WINDOWS 2000

WINDOWS ME

WINDOWS 7 WINDOWS XP WINDOWS VISTA

DISTRIBUTIONS OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

UBUNTU LINUX

SUSE LINUX RED HAT LINUX

CENTOS LINUX

FEDORA LINUX DEBIAN LINUX

TURBO LINUX

INIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

VISTA BUSINESS EDITION

PEN SOURCE

VS

CLOSED SOURCE OS

OPEN SOURCE means the source code is available to the end-user. The user use,change,modify and improve the software, to redistribute it in modified or unmodified forms . Eq: Linux OS

can

CLOSED SOURCE

can

means that the source code is held by the developer, and only they make any changes or study it. Eq: Windows OS.

TERMINOLOGIES IN OS

Cooperative Multitasking: A form of multitasking where it is the responsibility of the currently running task to
give up the processor to allow other tasks to run. A type of multitasking in which the process currently controlling the CPU must offer control to other processes. It is called cooperative because all programs must cooperate for it to work. If one program does not cooperate, it can stop the CPU.

Preemptive multitasking:

A method of running more than one program on a computer at a time, in which control of the processor is decided by the operating system, which allocates each program a recurring time segment. is task in which a computer operating system uses some criteria to decide how long to allocate to any one task before giving another task a turn to use the operating system. The act of taking control of the operating system from one task and giving it to another task is called preempting.

Multithreading: Multi-Threading is the ability of a CPU to execute several threads of execution

apparently at the same time. CPUs are very fast at executing instructions. Modern PCs can execute nearly a billion instructions every second. Instead of running the same program for one second, the CPU will run one program for perhaps a few hundred microseconds then switch to another and run it for a short while and so on.

multitasking
Method where multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common processing resources such as a CPU.
In the case of a computer with a single CPU, only one task is said to be running at any point in time, meaning that the CPU is actively executing instructions for that task.

Multitasking solves the problem by scheduling which task may be the one running at any given time, and when another waiting task gets a turn.

multiprogramming
Allocate of a computer system and its resources to more than one concurrent application, job or user. In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU. Multiprogramming systems are designed to maximize CPU usage.

Time-sharing
Time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking.
the running task is required to relinquish the CPU, either voluntarily or by an external event such as a hardware interrupt.

Time sharing systems are designed to allow several programs to execute apparently simultaneously.
The expression 'time sharing' was usually used to designate computers shared by interactive users at terminals, such as IBM's TSO, and VM/CMS

Buffering
Buffer is a temporary storage area, usually in RAM. The purpose of most buffers is to act as a holding area, enabling the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device. buffering:
as reading and writing data from hdd takes long time. so to improve the speed for data processing the data next required by processor is stored is cache memory or cpu register. for e.g. to cut certain line from text file to copy into another file.cut data get stored in to buffer (cpu register) to get back stored into another file.

Spooling
Spooling refers to a process of transferring data by placing it in a temporary working area where another program may access it for processing at a later point in time.
The most common use is in writing files on a magnetic tape or disk and entering them in the work queue (possibly just linking it to a designated folder in the file system) for another process.

kernel
The main component of most computer operating systems(central part of os);
it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level.

Provide the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources (especially processors and I/O devices) that application software must control to perform its function.

Kernel
The kernel is the core of the operating system. It consists of code and data structures that are protected and can be accessed only in the kernel mode.

kernel
Central Of OS

shell
A piece of software that provides an interface for users of an operating system which provides access to the services of a kernel.
Shell is another term for user interface

For example, if the application is usually command driven, the shell might be a menudriven system that translates the user's selections into the appropriate commands.

Shell
Operating system shells generally fall into one of two categories:
command-line and graphical:
command-line interface (CLI) to the operating system graphical shells provide a graphical user interface (GUI).

The most popular being the Cshell, the Bourne shell, and the Korn shell. Each offers a somewhat different command language.

file system
Organize data expected to be retained after a program terminates by providing procedures to store, retrieve and update data, as well an manage the available space on the device(s) which contain it. A file system organizes data in an efficient manner and is tuned to the specific characteristics of the device.