Anchorage is the word used in orthodontics to mean resistance to displacement.

Every orthodontics appliance consists of two elements : an active element and resistance element. The active parts of the orthodontics appliance are concerned with tooth movements: the resistance elements provide the resistance (anchorage) that makes tooth movement possible. According to Newtons Third Law there is an equal and opposite reaction to every action. Therefore, in orthodontics, all anchorage is relative and all resistance is comparative.

1)According to the manner of force application. 2) According to the Jaws Involved 3) Acoording to the site of Anchorage, 4) According to the Number of Anchorage Units.

(a)Simple Anchorage Resistance to tipping, that is, the tooth is free to tip during movement. (b) Stationary Anchorage (an absurd designation)- Resistance to bodily movement, that is, the tooth is permitted to translate only.

Reciprocal Anchorage Two or more teeth moving in opposite direction and pitted against each other by the appliance. Usually, the resistance to each other ia equal and opposite. TABLE 13-2. Outline of kinds Of Anchorage

SINGLE

SIMPLE

COMPOUND

INTRAMAXILLARY

STATIONARY

RE INFORCED

RECIPROCAL INTRA-ORAL SIMLPE

INTERMAXILLARY

STATIONARY

RECIPROCAL

CERVICAL OCCIPICAL CRANIAL

EXTRAORAL

FACIAL

(a)Intra-Maxillary,- Anchorage established in the same jaw. (b)Intermaxillary- Anchorage distributed to both jaw.

(a)Intra-oral- Anchorage established within the mouth, that is, utilizing the teeth , mucosa or other intra-oral structures (b) Extra-oral- Anchorage obtained outside the oral cavity.
Cervical- Utilizing the neck for anchorage ( e, g, neck straps) Occipical- Utilizing the occipical region for anchorage (e,g,. head gears). Cranial Involvingthe cranium as a source of anchorage (e, g,. high pull head gears). Facial- Involving aspects of the face as a source of anchorage ( e, g,. face masks).

(c) Muscular Anchorage derived from action of muscles (e,g,. vestibular shields).

(a) Single or Primary Anchorage.- Anchorage involving only one tooth. (b) Compound Anchorage Anchorage involving twu or more teeth. (c) Reenforced Anchorage The addition of nondental anchorage sites (e, g,. mucosa , muscle , head , etc,) (d) Control of Anchorage

In practice, care is taken to maintain control of anchorage so that the conditions for movements of teeth are optical in the active elements of the appliance and satisfactory for withstanding movement in the resistance elements. Routine precautions include (1) securing anchorage as far as possible outside the teeth themselves, for example, in the mucosa, muscle, cranium, etc; (2) selecting larger number of teeth in the resistance parts of the appliance; and (3) varying the amount , direction, and manner of force application between active and resistane elements. Adherence to the principles of anchorage control is an essential factor is successful orthodontics.