Microprocessors

CPU on chip

Multipurpose, Programmable integrated device that has computing and decision making capability similar to that of CPU.

Intel 8008
8-bit micrprocessor Introduced on April 1, 1972 Clock rate 500 kHz (80081: 800 kHz) Bus Width 8 bits. Enhancement load PMOS logic Addressable memory 16 KB

Intel 8080 Introduced April 1, 1974 Clock rate 2 MHz Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address Enhancement load NMOS logic Assembly language downwards compatible with 8008. Addressable memory 64 KB

Intel 8085
8-bit microprocessor Introduced March 1976 Clock rate 2 MHz Bus Width 8 bits data, 16 bits address Depletion load NMOS logic High level of integration, operating for the first time on a single 5 volt power supply, from 12 volts previously. Also featured serial I/O,3 maskable interrupts,1 Non-maskable interrupt,1 externally expandable interrupt [8259], status, DMA.

Intel 8086
Introduced in June 8, 1978 Clock rates:
4.77 MHz with 0.33 MIPS[3] 8 MHz with 0.66 MIPS 10 MHz with 0.75 MIPS

The memory is divided into odd and even banks. It accesses both the banks simultaneously in order to read 16 bit of data in one clock cycle. Bus Width 16 bits data, 20 bits address Addressable memory 1 megabyte

8085 INTRODUCTION
The features of INTEL 8085 are : It is an 8 bit processor. It is a single chip N-MOS device with 40 pins. It has multiplexed address and data bus.(AD0-AD7).

It works on 5 Volt dc power supply.

The maximum clock frequency is 3 MHz while minimum frequency is 500kHz.

It provides 74 instructions with 5 different addressing modes.

Processor System Architecture

The typical processor system consists of: CPU (central processing unit) ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) Control Logic Registers, etc Memory Input / Output interfaces

Interconnections between these units: Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus

8085 hardware model

Bus and CPU

Bus: A shared group of wires used for communicating signals among devices

address bus: the device and the location within the device that is being accessed data bus: the data value being communicated control bus: describes the action on the address and data buses

CPU: Core of the processor, where instructions are executed

High-level language: a = b + c Assembly language: add r1 r2 r3 Machine language: 0001001010111010101

The 8085 Bus Structure

Address Bus Consists of 16 address lines: A15 A0 Operates in unidirectional mode: The address bits are always sent from the MPU to peripheral devices, not reverse.

16 address lines are capable of addressing a total of 216 = 65,536 (64k) memory locations.
Address locations: 0000 (hex) FFFF (hex)

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The 8085 Bus Structure

Data Bus Consists of 8 data lines: D0 D7 Operates in bidirectional mode: The data bits are sent from the MPU to peripheral devices, as well as from the peripheral devices to the MPU. Data range: 00 (hex) FF (hex)

Control Bus

Consists of various lines carrying the control signals such as read / write enable, flag bits.

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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

Registers Six general purpose 8-bit registers: B, C, D, E, H, L They can also be combined as register pairs to perform 16-bit operations: BC, DE, HL

Registers are programmable (data load, move, etc.)

Accumulator

Single 8-bit register that is part of the ALU !

always stored in

Used for arithmetic / logic operations the result is the accumulator.

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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

Flag Bits Indicate the result of condition tests. Carry, Zero, Sign, Parity, etc.

Conditional operations (IF / THEN) are executed based on the condition of these flag bits.

Program Counter (PC)

Contains the memory address (16 bits) of the instruction that will be executed in the next step.

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The 8085: CPU Internal Structure The Stack pointer

The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is used to point into memory. The memory this register points to is a special area called the stack. The stack is an area of memory used to hold data that will be retreived soon. The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First Out (LIFO) fashion.
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Memory model
This microprocessor can access 64K ( = 65536 ) bytes of memory Each byte has 8 bits, therefore it can access 64K 8 bits of memory

64K of memory is the maximum limit, sometimes a system based on this CPU can have less memory
Use memory to map I/O Same instructions to use for accessing I/O devices and memory

The 8085: Registers

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Flag register
S Z X AC X P X CY

Flag Register is given by:

S: Z: Ac: CY: P:

Sign flag Zero flag Auxiliary carry flag Carry flag Parity flag

Rest are dont care flip flops.

The sign flag, S, indicates the sign of a value calculated by an arithmetic or logical instruction. The zero flag, Z, is set to 1 if an arithmetic or logical operation produces a result of 0; otherwise set to 0. The parity flag, P, is set to 1 if the result of an arithmetic or logical operation has an even number of 1s; otherwise it is set to 0. The carry flag, CY, is set when an arithmetic operation generates a carry out. The auxiliary carry flag, AC, very similar to CY, but it denotes a carry from the lower half of the result to the upper half.

Programming Model

The 8085 Bus Structure

The 8-bit 8085 CPU (or MPU Micro Processing Unit) communicates with the other units using a 16-bit address bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus.

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Microprocessor Architecture
The microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory.
The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation specified. The result is either stored back into memory or displayed on an output device.

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TIMING AND STATE DIAGRAM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The P operates with reference to clock signal. The rise and fall of the pulse of the clock gives one clock cycle. Each clock cycle is called a T state and a collection of several T states gives a machine cycle. Important machine cycles are : Op-code fetch. Memory read. Memory write. I/Op-read. I/O write.

TIMING AND STATE DIAGRAM

Op-code Fetch: It basically requires 4 T states from T1-T4 The ALE pin goes high at first T state always. AD0-AD7 are used to fetch OP-code and store the lower byte of Program Counter. A8-A15 store the higher byte of the Program Counter while IO/M will be low since it is memory related operation. RD will only be low at the Op-code fetching time. WR will be at HIGH level since no write operation is done. S0=1,S1=1 for Op-code fetch cycle.

TIMING AND STATE DIAGRAM

Op-code fetch cycle :

TIMING AND STATE DIAGRAM

Memory Read Cycle: It basically requires 3T states from T1-T3 . The ALE pin goes high at first T state always. AD0-AD7 are used to fetch data from memory and store the lower byte of address. A8-A15 store the higher byte of the address while IO/M will be low since it is memory related operation. RD will only be low at the data fetching time. WR will be at HIGH level since no write operation is done. S0=0,S1=1 for Memory read cycle.

TIMING AND STATE DIAGRAM

Memory write Cycle: It basically requires 3T states from T1-T3 . The ALE pin goes high at first T state always. AD0-AD7 are used to fetch data from CPU and store the lower byte of address. A8-A15 store the higher byte of the address while IO/M will be low since it is memory related operation. RD will be HIGH since no read operation is done. WR will be at LOW level only when data fetching is done. S0=1,S1=0 for Memory write cycle.

Instruction set
No of bits in a given machine is fixed and combination of these bits is called instruction. p 8085 has 74 different instructions in its instruction set, that determines what functions the microprocessor can perform. Categories of instruction set are:
Data transfer(copy) operation Arithmetic operation Logical operation Branching operation Machine control operation

8085 Instruction Types

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8085 Instruction Types

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8085 Instruction Types

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ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085

Immediate addressing: Immediate data is transferred to address or register. Example: MVI A,20H. Transfer immediate data 20H to accumulator. Number of bytes: Either 2 or 3 bytes long. 1st byte is opcode. 2nd byte 8 bit data . 3rd byte higher byte data of 16 bytes.

ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085

Register addressing: Data is transferred from one register to other. Example: MOV A, C : Transfer data from C register to accumulator. Number of bytes: Only 1 byte long. One byte is opcode.

ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085

Direct addressing: Data is transferred from direct address to other register or vice-versa. Example: LDA C200H .Transfer contents from C200H to Acc. Number of bytes: These are 3 bytes long. 1st byte is opcode. 2nd byte lower address. 3rd byte higher address.

ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085

Indirect addressing: Data is transferred from address pointed by the data in a register to other register or vice-versa. Example: MOV A, M: Move contents from address pointed by M to Acc. Number of bytes: These are 3 bytes long. 1st byte is opcode. 2nd byte lower address. 3rd byte higher address.

ADDRESSING MODES OF 8085

Implicit addressing: These dont require any operand. The data is specified in Opcode itself. Example: RAL: Rotate left with carry. Number of Bytes: These are single byte instruction or Opcode only.

Simple Data Transfer Operations

Examples: MOV MOV MVI B,A C,D D,47 47 4A 16 47 From ACC to REG Between two REGs Direct-write into REG D

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Simple Data Transfer Operations

Example: OUT 05 D3 05 Contents of ACC sent to output port number 05.

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Simple Memory Access Operations

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Simple Memory Access Operations

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Arithmetic Operations

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Arithmetic Operations

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Arithmetic Operations

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Arithmetic Operations

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Overview of Logic Operations

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Logic Operations

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Logic Operations

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Logic Operations

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Branching Operations

Note:

This is an unconditional jump operation. It will always force the program counter to a fixed memory address continuous loop !

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Branching Operations

Conditional jump operations are very useful for decision making during the execution of the program.

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Branching Operations
Conditional Call Instructions. CC (Call if Carry flag is set) CNC (Call if Carry flag is reset) CZ (Call if zero flag set) CNZ (Call if zero flag is reset) CPE (Call if parity flag is set) CPO (Call if parity odd or P flag is reset ) CP (Call if sign flag reset ) CM (Call if sign flag is set or minus)

The 8085: CPU Internal Structure

The internal architecture of the 8085 CPU is capable of performing the following operations:

Store 8-bit data (Registers, Accumulator)

Perform arithmetic and logic operations (ALU)

Test for conditions (IF / THEN)

Sequence the execution of instructions

Store temporary data in RAM during execution
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DATA TRANSFER GROUP

Example: Write a program to exchange contents of memory location D000H to D001H LDA D000H MOV B,A LDA D001H STA 2000H MOV A,B STA 2001H HLT Load Acc with data from D000 Move the data to B Load Acc with data from D001 Store Acc data at 2000 Move Bs data to A Store data from D000 to D001 Stop.

Example
Write a 8085 machine code program: Read two different memory locations Add the contents

Send the result to output port 02 (display) if there is no overflow

Display FF if there is an overflow

Stop

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Example
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 LDA 2050 3A 50 20 47 3A 51 20 80 D2 YY XX 3E FF D3 02 76
Load contents of memory location 2050 into accumulator

MOV LDA

B,A 2051

Save the first number in B Load contents of memory location 2051 into accumulator

ADD JNC

B XXYY

Add accumulator with B Jump to XXYY if no carry !

MVI

A,FF

Direct write FF into accumulator Display accumulator contents at output port 02 Stop

OUT
HLT

02

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Updated Code
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 LDA 2050 3A 50 20 47 3A 51 20 80 D2 13 20 3E FF D3 02 76
Load contents of Memory location 2050 in to accumulator

MOV LDA

B,A 2051

Save the first number in B Load contents of Memory location 2051 in to accumulator

ADD JNC

B 2013

Add accumulator with B Jump to 2013 if no carry !

MVI

A,FF

Direct write FF int o accumulator Display accumulator contents at output port 02 Stop

OUT
HLT

02

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Externally Initiated Operations

External devices can initiate (start) one of the 4 following operations:
Reset
All operations are stopped and the program counter is reset to 0000.

Interrupt
The microprocessors operations are interrupted and the microprocessor executes what is called a service routine. This routine handles the interrupt, (perform the necessary operations). Then the microprocessor returns to its previous operations and continues.
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Externally Initiated Operations

Ready
The 8085 has a pin called RDY. This pin is used by external devices to stop the 8085 until they catch up. As long as the RDY pin is low, the 8085 will be in a wait state.

Hold
The 8085 has a pin called HOLD. This pin is used by external devices to gain control of the busses. When the HOLD signal is activated by an external device, the 8085 stops executing instructions and stops using the busses. This would allow external devices to control the information on the busses. Example DMA.
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Pin Diagram of 8085

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION

Some important pins are : AD7-AD0: Multiplexed Address and data lines. A15-A8: Tri-stated higher order address lines. ALE: Address latch enable is an output signal. It goes high when operation is started by processor . S0,S1: These are the status signals used to indicate type of operation. RD: Read is active low input signal used to read data from I/O device or memory. WR: Write is an active low output signal used write data on memory or an I/O device.

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION

READY: This an output signal used to check the status of output device. If it is low, P will WAIT until it is high. TRAP: It is an Edge triggered highest priority , non mask able interrupt. After TRAP, restart occurs and execution starts from address 0024H. RST5.5,6.5,7.5: These are maskable interrupts and have low priority than TRAP. INTR&INTA: INTR is a interrupt request signal after which P generates INTA or interrupt acknowledge signal. IO/M: This is output pin or signal used to indicate whether 8085 is working in I/O mode(IO/M=1) or Memory mode(IO/M=0 ).

8085 PIN DESCRIPTION

HOLD&HLDA:HOLD is an input signal .When P receives HOLD signal it completes current machine cycle and stops executing next instruction. In response to HOLD P generates HLDA that is HOLD Acknowledge signal. RESET IN:This is input signal. When RESET IN is low p restarts and starts executing from location 0000H. SID: Serial input data is input pin used to accept serial 1 bit data . X1X2 :These are clock input signals and are connected to external LC or RC circuit. These are divide by two so if 6 MHz is connected to X1X2, the operating frequency becomes 3 MHz. VCC&VSS:Power supply VCC=+ -5Volt& VSS=-GND reference.