Aerodynamics & Aircraft Propulsion

Aerodynamics

 Aerodynamics
1. Aircraft Stability and control (Achieved by using control surfaces)

Control surfaces
1. Maneuvering of an aircraft
It is the rolling, pitching, yawing moment of the aircraft

How does it takes place ?

a) Axis of an aircraft

Longitudinal axis Lateral axis Vertical axis

b) Types of control surfaces

Primary control surfaces Aileron Elevator Rudder

 Secondary control surfaces

Flap Slat Tabs Vortex generators

C) Unrequired effects of control surfaces

Side slipping

(Un-required movement developed by aileron )

Skidding
(Un-required movement developed by rudder )

Adverse yaw
(Un-required movement developed by aileron )

Aircraft Propulsion

1) Forces acting on an aircrafts

Lift : Upward and perpendicular to RAF Thrust : Force which gives forward motion to aircraft Drag : It opposes to forward motion to aircraft Weight : It act in downward direction due to gravity

1) Thrust
It is the force (propulsive force) required for forward motion of the aircraft as per NEWTONS second law of motion and can be obtain by using engine

2) Engine
It works under the principle of Newton's third law . 1. Air breathing : It uses surrounding environmental air E.g. IC Engine or GTE 2. Non air breathing : Air is in stored form E.g. Engine used for rocket propulsion

1.Air Breathing Engines

It is categorized in to two parts as per their method of

operations
a. Piston engine

It works on constant volume cycle i.e. Otto cycle

b. Gas turbine Engine

It works on constant pressure cycle i.e. Brayton cycle

b. Gas Turbine Engine

It is categorized in to two parts as per their operations
i. Thrust producing: E.g. Turbojet, Turbofan ii. Torque producing E.g. Turbo shaft

Parts of gas turbine engine

Turbofan Engine
.

Turbofan Engine
.

CFM-56/GE90
1

Separate Exhaust
.

Mixed Exhaust

Advantage & disadvantages of turbofan over turbojet

Suggestion For Improvement

Employ active cooling
Design better material and alloys which retain their

strength at high temperature

Design engines which switch from scramjet to ramjet

Future Vision
Decreased gross lift-off weight Smaller facilities & easier handling Leading to higher safety Flight can be aborted, while the vehicle glides back to earth Mission can be more flexible Wider range of emergency landing sites for intact abort

References
http://virtualskies.arc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/5.htm
http://www.zenith.aero/profiles/blogs/installing-micro-vortex http://www.rc-airplane-world.com/rc-airplane-controls.html http://www.cap-ny153.org/aircraftcontrols.htm http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Propulsion/intermediate/components-01.html http://www.clemson.edu/ces/camsil/Edu_NASA.htm

By Narendra Luis Palande University of Glamorgan 10065660@glam.ac.uk