Shweta Champaneri parshva shah hiral vaghasiya paras gondaliya ashish solanki

Population

Population

Population can be defined as the total no. of persons inhabiting a country, city, or any district or area. It can also be defined as all the individuals of one species in a given area.

For e.g.:- Population of India. Population

density is a measure of the number of people or organisms per unit of area. Variants may express the population per unit of habitable, inhabited, productive (or potentially productive), or cultivated area.

The

size and composition of the population are important determinants of demand for many products. These are countries with less than a lakh of people on the one hand and those with thousands of millions on the other hand.

Causes of the Rapid Growth of Population

A High Birth Rate

A Relatively lower death rate Immigration

Effects of Population growth

Adverse impact on Employment Situation

Adverse impact on per capita income & standard of living

Shortage and impact of Food grains

Adverse impact of feeding growing population

Prevents change in occupational distribution of population

Density of Population The geographical area of the country is fixed, and as seen from the above, the population has increased by over four times in a century. As a result, the concentration of population in any particular area has increased by the same ratio. This is known as the Density of Population, which is measured in terms of number of persons residing per square kilometer area:

Density of Population =

Total Population
Area in Square Kilometer

Significance of the study of Population

To assess the availability of HR needed for production.
To estimate the required basic infrastructure.

To estimate the requirements of products and services.

To understand the social and cultural structure of a population.

To compare with the population of other countries.

To assess the quality of standard of living.

census

census
The word census is used in two contexts. It can either be defined as a
periodic count of the population or the act of conducting a census. A census is the process by which information about every member of a population can be collected. The population may not necessarily mean the human population.

The

term census is defined as the counting or listening of the inhabitants residing in a particular area village, town, city, state, province or country or region. The Indian Census is the largest single source of a variety of statistical information on different characteristics of the people of India.

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses.

In the latter cases the elements of the 'population' are farms,

businesses, and so forth, rather than people. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years.

ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE CENSUS

Sponsorship Defined Territory Universality Simultaneity Defined Periodicity Individual Units Compilation and Publication International Simultaneity

Utility of population census

Utility in Administration and Policy Utility of census data for research purposes Utility of census data in business and industry Census as frame for sample surveys Utility of census data in planning Utility of population census of electoral rolls Utility of population census to other types of census Utility of population census to civil registration and vital statistics

Census in India
In 1872 the first Census was held in India.
Since then, Census in India held uninterruptedly. The Census of India 2011 will be the Census and the 7th after Independence. 15th

Census 2011 will mark a milestone as the National Population Register (NPR) will also be prepared
14

FEATURES OF INDIAN CENSUS

India a large country with more than a billion population Censuses is then one of the world largest administrative and statistical exercise Diversity in languages languages Schedules filled in 16

2 million enumerators deployed in 2001 Census likely to increase further in 2011 census.

 Census which is conducted using canvasser method is in two phases:

House-listing Population Enumeration

Census Organization has experimented innovations since the beginning

with

new

IT

Technology is required particularly for data capture/processing mainly due to large volume and for speedier tabulation & release of Census results

MODE FOR DATA CAPTURE & PROCESSING SINCE 1961

Census
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Population
Collection %

43.9 Million
100

54.8 Million
100

68.3 Million
100

84.6 Million 102.8 Million

100

100

Capture % 5 Mode Time taken

Hand Punch 8-9Years

15 Key Punch

25 Data Entry 8-9 Years

45 Data Entry

100 Scanning/I CR 3-5 Years

8-9Years

7-8 Years

DATA CAPTURE & PROCESSING IN 2001 CENSUS Work Flow of ORGI (TIS Eflow characteristic)
Design data capture workflow Presents a graphical view of the system Monitors the processing and workflow in real time Enables to customize applications and add custom features

WHY IS THE CENSUS NECESSARY?

The census is essential to the functioning of a welfare state. Decisions regarding public welfare cannot be taken without knowing how many people are likely to be benefited or otherwise affected. This data comes from the census. Also, long term projects of all kinds need to know not only the present number of people living in a place but also the kind of people who live there, their lifestyle, and the likely growth in population. Such matters are part of the science of demography, and the answers to most demographic questions lie in the study of census data. Censuses are taken at fixed intervals- usually ten years to the day, in some countries once every five years- so that it becomes easier to measure rates of change overtime, for example the growth rate of population, change in literacy rates, etc.

HOW THE CENSUS IS CARRIED OUT

The first modern census in India was conducted in 1872; the first comprehensive one, in 1881. Since then, the Census of India has taken place very ten years in an unbroken chain. The last one took place in 2001, and the next one is to be taken in 2011which will be fifteenth in its continuous series. The Census of India is a massive exercise, as is only to be expected with such a huge population and large geographical diversities. It is conducted by enumerators persons who do the work of counting who go from house to house over a period of three weeks in February.

Census 2011
1st Phase:

HOUSELISTING & HOUSING CENSUS AND COLLECTION OF DATA ON NATIONAL POPULATION REGISTER
April to September 2010

2nd Phase:

POPULATION ENUMERATION
9th to 28th February 2011
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NPR - Utility
Create a comprehensive identity database in the country Help in better targeting of the benefits and services under the Government schemes / programmes Improve planning Strengthen security of the country
22

How Big is the Exercise

2001 States/UTs 35 2011 35

Districts
Tehsils Towns

593
5463 5161

640
5767 7742

Villages
Households EBs Population

593732
194 Million 19.82 lakhs 1.03 Bn

608786
240 Million 23.56 lakhs 1.20 Bn
23

How Many People will be directly involved?

Enumerators Supervisors/Master Trainers Charge Officers 21 lakhs 4 lakhs 17, 500

Additional Charge Officers

Principal/District Census Officers UDC LDC Others Total

6, 300
1, 500 1, 065 6, 905 664 25, 42, 934
24

How much will it Cost?

Expenditure (in Rs. Crores)

Census NPR Total

2, 200 3, 756 5, 956

25

Items of Information: NPR

1 Name of person 2 Relationship to Head 3 Fathers Name 4 Mothers Name 5 Spouses Name 6 7 8 9 10 Sex Date of Birth Marital Status Place of Birth Nationality as Declared 11 Present address of usual residence 12 Duration of stay at present address 13 Permanent Residential Address 14 Occupation / Activity 15 Educational Qualification

Above details to be collected from all Usual Residents

Photograph, Finger Print and Iris (if approved) to be collected for Usual Residents aged 15 years and above
26

Administrative Set Up: Census

Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India Directors of Census Operations, State

Principal Census Officers

District Magistrates/Collectors/ Commissioner Corporations

Tehsildars/Mamlatdars

Charge Officers

Enumerators and Supervisors

State Coordinator will co-ordinate between State & Central Government Offices
27

Administrative Set Up: NPR

Registrar General of Citizen Registration State Directors of Citizen Registration District Registrars of Citizen Registration National Registration Authority Directorate of Census Operations (Each State) District Magistrate of Every Revenue district

Sub-District Registrars of Citizen Registration Local Registrars of Citizen Registration

Sub District Magistrate / Taluka Executive Magistrate

Local revenue officer

State Coordinator will co-ordinate between State & Central Government Offices
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Business ethics

Business ethics
Business ethics is the study of good and evil, right and wrong, and just and unjust actions in business. Although all managers face difficult ethical conflicts, applying clear guidelines resolves the vast majority of them. Ethical traditions that apply to business support truth telling, honesty, protection of life, respect for rights, fairness, and obedience to law. Eliminating unethical behavior may be difficult, but knowing the rightness or wrongness of actions is usually easy. Some ethical decisions are troublesome because although basic ethical standards apply, conflicts between them defy resolution. Some ethical issues are hidden and hard to recognize. Some ethical issues are very subtle. The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation . It is a set of moral principles or values .

 Ethics deals with things to be sought and things to be avoided by one's way of life. An ethical dilemma exists where two or more values are in conflict, and we seek from ethics a resolution to this conflict.

Business ethics refers to the measurement of business behaviour on standards of right and wrong, rather than relying entirely on principles of accounting and management.

Ethics is not merely desirable but is also essential for the smooth functioning of a business.

If businesses don't follow ethics it will be difficult to build trust; and there will be no scope for business. Ethics has a role in a buyer and seller relationship, or even for a competitor relationship.

Characteristics of Ethics
Ethical decision differs with individual perspectives of different persons. Each person has its own perception and believes in ethics. Ethical decisions affect a wide range of other situations as well. Similarly, unethical decisions do not culminate in themselves, but have widespread ramifications. Most ethical decisions involve a trade-off between costs incurred and benefits gained. Often, the consequences of ethical decisions are not clear. They are ambiguous in nature. Ethical decisions have long-term impact. Every person is individually responsible for the ethical or unethical decisions and actions that he or she makes. Ethical decisions are voluntary human actions.

Scope of Ethics

purpose of Ethics
Personal Level Internal Policy Level Societal Level Stakeholders Level

elements of Ethics
Values Rights Duties

Business Ethics: What Does It Really Mean?

Business Ethics:Today vs. Earlier Period
Societys Expectations of Business Ethics Ethical Problem Ethical Problem Actual Business Ethics

1950s

Time

Early 2000s

Business Ethics as Competitive Advantage for Companies in the Globalization Era

Globalization, Business Ethics & Competitive Advantage

Globalization has brought about greater involvement with ethical considerations and most importantly achieving competitive advantage through business ethics. Globalization and business ethics are linked as they affect a companys ability to commit to its shareholders, in particular to external investors, and preserve the trust needed for further investment and growth.

Ethics of Scandal Versus Ethics of Strategy

It is increasingly important for companies to deal with ethics as a corporate strategy that, if uniquely implemented, could achieve competitive advantage for the company rather than waiting to react to possible ethical issues of importance to the targeted stakeholders. It is the necessity of being ethically proactive company rather than being ethically reactive company.

Business Ethics as Competitive Advantage

As the speed of comparable tangible assets acquisition accelerates and the pace of imitation quickens, firms that want to sustain distinctive global competitive advantages need to protect, exploit and enhance their unique intangible assets, particularly integrity (building firms of integrity is the hidden logic of business ethics).

Business Ethics as Competitive Advantage (Cont.)

behavior that is trusting, trustworthy, and cooperative, not opportunistic, will give the firm a competitive advantage. Sustainable global competitive advantage occurs when a company implements a value-creating strategy which other companies are unable to imitate. For example, a company with superior business leadership skills in enhancing integrity capacity increases its reputation capital with multiple stakeholders and positions itself for competitive advantage

Concluding Remarks

An integrity approach to business can yield strengthened competitiveness: it facilitates the delivery of quality products in an honest, reliable way. This approach can enhance work life by making the workplace more fun and challenging. It can improve relationships with stakeholders and can instil a more positive mindset that fosters creativity and innovations among the stakeholders. The purpose of ethics is to enhance our lives and our relationships both inside and outside of the organization.

This cartoon implies the importance of shifting from the ethics of scandal to the ethics of strategy Ethics is simply the proper way to conduct business and, despite what the cartoon says, a responsible business is riskfree.

Concluding Remarks (Cont.)

As the competitive environment with globalization could be characterized by the game metaphor rather than the war metaphor, it is increasingly important to include ethics in the corporations strategy and potentially implement it in a way that achieves a competitive advantage for the company and adds value to the stakeholders.

Concluding Remarks (Cont.)

The metaphor of a game sees competition in business as an exciting game, in which each competitor strives to achieve excellence, satisfy customers, and succeed as a result. The motive in this type of game is not to drive out the competition, but to work hard, play by the rules of the game, and do ones best in order to succeed.

Business Ethics as Competitive Advantage for Companies in the Globalization Era

Sources of Ethical Norms

Fellow Workers Fellow Workers

Regions of Country

Family

Profession

The Individual
Conscience Friends Employer

The Law

Religious Beliefs

Society at Large

47

Ethics and the Law

Law often represents an ethical minimum Ethics often represents a standard that exceeds the legal minimum
Frequent Overlap

Ethics

Law

48

Making Ethical Judgments

Behavior or act that has been committed compared with Prevailing norms of acceptability

Value judgments and perceptions of the observer

49

Ethics, Economics, and Law

6-14

3 Models of Management Ethics

1. Immoral ManagementA style devoid of ethical principles and active opposition to what is ethical. 2. Moral ManagementConforms to high standards of ethical behavior. 3. Amoral Management
Intentional - does not consider ethical factors Unintentional - casual or careless about ethical considerations in business
51

3 Models of Management Ethics

Three Types Of Management Ethics

52

Factors governing business Ethics

Value Forming Institutions Organizational Goals Work and Career Superiors Peers and Colleagues Professional Codes

Theories/approaches to business Ethics

Utilitarian View Rights Views Justice View

 Ethics and Profit:

One of the myths about business is that there is a contradiction between ethics and profits. The myths are thoroughly debunked by the attitudes and action of top managers in the companies that contributed to this report. There is a deep conviction that a good reputation for fair and honest business is a prime corporate asset that all employees should nurture with the greatest care.

Ethics and profit go together. It may be possible that in the short run, an organization steals an advantage or good profits by unethical means. But ethics are the values that last. For instance, an organization may garner good sales initially by disseminating false messages about the product. But it will not get repeat sales and will earn a bad name in the process.

 Ethical Decision-making Dilemma:

Managers experience such ethical dilemmas while performing their duties:

I have to satisfy the inspector from the electricity board to maintain adequate power supplies in times of recurrent shortages. I have to oblige, entertain, and enrich an important customer to keep him from switching over to a competitor. I have to manipulate the accounts statement to show a higher profit figure. To increase profits, I have to sell the same product in three different packing at different prices. Without making any improvement in the product I have to advertise so. I have to sign transfer orders of an employee to satisfy the prejudice of a high- level officer. I have to oblige the bank officer to get loan for the project.