Gypsum Materials and Accurate Casts

Gypsum products are chemically identical and differ only in the size and porosity of the powder particle.

All gypsum products are made differently, but come from the same mineral.

Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate

Formula
CaSO4*1/2H2O + 1.5H2O > CaSO4*2H20 + HEAT

Hemihydrate

>

Dihydrate

Impression Plaster
Type I

Classification of
Gypsum Products

Plaster
Type II

Stone
Type III

Stone

Stone, H/S, L/E

Type IV

Stone, H/S, H/E

Type V

Gypsum Bound Investment

Type III Dental Stone: casts that need abrasion resistance

Type II Plaster: study casts which do not require abrasion resistance

Type IV&V High Strength Stone: casts that require abrasion resistance and strength as die stones

Dihydrate is heated in an open kettle at 115C

Gypsum Type I Type II

Setting time(min) 4 +/- 1 12+/- 4

Expansion(%) 0.15% 0.3%

Strength(psi) 580 1300

W/P ratio(ml) 50 to 75 45 to 50

Model Plaster, Type I, & II

-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Type I & II Stone Characteristics

Porous powder Irregular crystals Low density High surface area Poor packing ability

Dihydrate is heated under pressure in the presence of water vapor at 125C

Gypsum Type I Type II Type III

Setting time(min) 4 +/- 1 12+/- 4 12+/- 4

Expansion(%) 0.15% 0.3% 0.2%

Strength(psi) 580 1300 3000

W/P ratio(ml) 50 to 75 45 to 50 28 to 30

Stone, Type III

-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Type III Stone Characteristics

Larger crystals Dense Hexagonal shaped

Dihydrate is boiled in a 30% solution of calcium chloride

Gypsum ratio(ml) Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5

Setting time(min) 4 +/- 1 12+/- 4 12+/- 4 12+/- 4 12+/- 4

Expansion(%) 0.15% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3%

Strength(psi) 580 1,300 3,000 5,000 7,000

W/P 50 to 75 45 to 50 28 to 30 22 to 24 18 to 22

Stone, Type IV & V ( High Strength, High Expansion ) -Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Type IV & V High Strength Stone Characteristics

Least porous Regular Largest crystals

SEM scan of high strength die stone crystals

SEM scan of surface of set high strength die stone

Mixing instructions
W/P Pre-measure

powder

by weight
Measure

water by volume

Variation of Properties among Dental Gypsum Products

Plaster Setting time (min) 11 min Setting expansion (%) 0.20% Crushing strength (psi) 1,600 Porosity (%) 35

Cast Stone Improved Stone 7 min 6 min 0.10% 0.05% 3,000 >5,500 20 10

Setting time Setting expan Accelerators Retarders + Particle Size + + W/P Ratio + Spatulation + Temperature 0

Strength + 0

Effects of Variables on the Handling Properties of Dental Gypsum Products

Accelerators
Setting time, setting expansion, and strength are all decreased Potassium Sulfate greater than 2% Inorganic salts as Sodium Sulfate under 2% Slurry of Stone

Casting Investment : a ceramic material that is suitable for forming a mold into which a metal or alloy can be cast
Calcium Sulfate bonded investments ( - calcium sulfate hemihydrate ) : suitable for casting or brazing gold alloys Phosphate bonded investments : suitable for casting or brazing high melting point alloys Silica bonded investments : suitable for casting high melting point alloys

Gypsum Bound Casting Investments

Properties required of an investment composition Refractory Material ( a form of silicone dioxide as quartz, cristobalite, tridymite, or a mixture of these ) Binder Material ( Gypsum / -calcium hemihydrate) Other Materials added in small amounts to modify the physical properties ( Cu, Magnesium oxide, graphite, boric acid, sodium chloride, or potassium sulfate )

Brazing investment

Casting Investment

 The dental cast should be poured within 12 minutes of removal of the impression from the mouth . The cast is poured with a carefully measured mix of mechanically spatulated dental stone and water .

 Dental stone should be introduced into the impression from the most posterior aspect on one side . Gentle vibration should be used to move the stone over the impression surface and assure adequate filling . The stone can be guided with the aid if a small instrument or paint brush .

 Care should be taken to adequately cover the peripheries . Irregular nodules are added to the free surface of stone . The cast is allowed to reach an initial set (15-20 minutes) before inverting and pouring a base .

 The setting stone is wetted with SDS prior to adding the base . A fresh mix of dental stone is applied to the setting stone and the assembly is inverted on a patty to form the base .

 Separation of the cast from the impression should occur between 45-60 minutes after initiation of the first pour .

 Premature separation of the cast from the impression can produce minute fractures in the stone . Prolonged contact of the alginate with the set cast causes etching of the stone surface .

 After assuring accuracy of the cast , judicious removal of nodules can be achieved with a fine instrument .

Cast Trimming

 The cast should be soaked in SDS prior to trimming , trimmed with mild irrigation , and rinsed in SDS during trimming to avoid adherence of stone residue .

NEVER Trim a Dry Cast !

Common Mistakes
or , What the #@%*! was I thinking ?

Stone Worms

Trimming a Dry Cast

Early or Delayed Recovery

Proper Dimensions

Be Careful Out There !!!