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WHAT IS FACTORING ?
Factoring is the Sale of Book Debts by a firm (Client) to a financial institution (Factor) on the understanding that the Factor will pay for the Book Debts as and when they are collected or on a guaranteed payment date
PROCESS OF FACTORING
CLIENT
CUSTOMER
FACTOR
a) b) c)
A Financial Intermediary That buys invoices of a manufacturer or a trader, at a discount, and Takes responsibility for collection of payments.
The parties involved in the factoring transaction are:a) b) c) Supplier or Seller (Client) Buyer or Debtor (Customer) Financial Intermediary (Factor)
d)
Normally, the Factor makes a part payment (usually upto 80%) immediately after the debts are purchased thereby providing immediate liquidity to the Client.
Clients.
Help in getting information and credit line on customers Purchase of Receivables with or without recourse.
TYPES OF FACTORING
Recourse Factoring Non-recourse Factoring
RECOURSE FACTORING
Upto 75% to 85% of the Invoice Receivable is factored. Interest is charged from the date of advance to the date of collection. Factor purchases Receivables on the condition that loss arising on account of non-recovery will be borne by the Client. Credit Risk is with the Client. Factor does not participate in the credit sanction process.
NON-RECOURSE FACTORING
Factor purchases Receivables on the condition that the Factor has no recourse to the Client, if the debt turns out to be nonrecoverable. Credit risk is with the Factor. Higher commission is charged. Factor participates in credit sanction process and approves credit limit given by the Client to the Customer.
MATURITY FACTORING
Factor does not make any advance payment to the Client. Pays on guaranteed payment date or on collection of Receivables. Guaranteed payment date is usually fixed taking into account previous collection experience of the Client. Nominal Commission is charged. No risk to Factor.
2.
Financial Institution does not have responsibility of Sales Ledger Administration and collection of Debts. No notice of assignment provided to customers of the Client.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
Financial Institution can get the bills re-discounted before they mature for payment.
5.
Factor cannot re-discount the receivable purchased under advanced factoring arrangement.
c)
d)
e)
FORFAITING
Forfaiting is a mechanism by which the right for export receivables of an exporter (Client) is purchased by a Financial Intermediary (Forfaiter) without recourse to him.
It is different from International Factoring in as much as it deals with receivables relating to deferred payment exports, while Factoring deals with short term receivables.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORFAITING
Converts Deferred Payment Exports into cash transactions, providing liquidity and cash flow to Exporter. Absolves Exporter from Cross-border political or conversion risk associated with Export Receivables. Finance available upto 100% (as against 75-80% under conventional credit) without recourse. Acts as additional source of funding and hence does not have impact on Exporters borrowing limits. It does not reflect as debt in Exporters Balance Sheet. Provides Fixed Rate Finance and hence risk of interest rate fluctuation does not arise.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORFAITING
(contd.) Exporter is freed from credit administration. Provides long term credit unlike other forms of bank credit. Saves on cost as ECGC Cover is eliminated. Simple Documentation as finance is available against bills. Forfait financer is responsible for each of the Exporters trade transactions. Hence, no need to commit all of his business or significant part of business. Forfait transactions are confidential.
Extent of Finance Usually 75 80% of the value of the invoice Credit Worthiness Factor does the credit rating in case of nonrecourse factoring transaction
Services provided Day-to-day administration of sales and other allied services Recourse With or without recourse
Question
A firm has a total credit sale of Rs. 80 lakhs and its average collection period is 80 days. The experience indicates that bad debt losses are around 1 % of credit sales. The firm spends Rs. 1,20,000 p.a. on administration of its credit sales. This cost includes salaries of one officer and two clerks who handle credit checking, collection etc. telephone and fax charges. Besides the firm borrows from bank against receivables at the rate of 16% p.a. which are avoidable costs. A factor is prepared to buy the firms receivables. He will charge 2 % commission. He will also pay advances against receivables to the firm at an interest rate of 18% after withholding 10% as reserve. Should firm avail factoring services? (Assume 360 days in a year. Bank finances only 50% of receivables )